Nội dung được dịch bởi AI, chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo
Bạn (Các Hành Vi Của Bạn) Là Kỳ Thị: Phản Ứng Đối Với Các Cuộc Đối Chất Với Kỳ Thị Phụ Thuộc Vào Trọng Tâm Của Cuộc Đối Chất
Tóm tắt
Việc trực tiếp đối chất với sự thiên kiến của người khác đã được quảng bá như là một yếu tố quan trọng trong việc tạo ra một môi trường làm việc hòa nhập và khuyến khích cá nhân thực hiện các hành vi hòa nhập hơn. Tuy nhiên, các cuộc đối chất cũng có thể dẫn đến những phản ứng tiêu cực từ người bị đối chất, chẳng hạn như thù địch hoặc rút lui. Qua ba nghiên cứu (một thí nghiệm tập trung vào sự kỳ thị chống lại người da đen và hai nghiên cứu khảo sát trong đó thu thập các sự kiện hồi tưởng về bất kỳ loại kỳ thị nào), chúng tôi khảo sát mức độ mà trọng tâm của một cuộc đối chất có liên quan đến các phản ứng xây dựng ngay lập tức (tức là, hành vi pro-social) hoặc phá hoại (tức là, hành vi anti-social, rút lui/tránh né). Cụ thể, chúng tôi khảo sát các tác động khác nhau của việc đối chất với sự kỳ thị theo cách tập trung vào các hành vi cụ thể, tạm thời và bên ngoài mà cá nhân thực hiện (tập trung vào hành vi) so với việc tập trung vào các thuộc tính toàn cầu, ổn định và bên trong của người đó (tập trung vào cá nhân). Qua ba nghiên cứu, chúng tôi tìm thấy bằng chứng đồng thuận rằng các cuộc đối chất tập trung vào hành vi có liên quan đến nhiều phản ứng pro-social hơn (như kế hoạch tự cải thiện, sự trân trọng) và các cuộc đối chất tập trung vào cá nhân có liên quan đến nhiều phản ứng anti-social và rút lui/tránh né hơn (như thù địch, tránh né). Trong Nghiên cứu 3, chúng tôi thấy rằng động lực liên nhân (tức là, lòng thiện lành, sự báo thù) và hiệu quả sửa chữa mối quan hệ giúp giải thích các tác động của trọng tâm cuộc đối chất. Chúng tôi cũng nhận thấy rằng chủng tộc của người đối chất không phải là một yếu tố điều chỉnh quan trọng của các phát hiện, nhưng chúng tôi nhận thấy một số sự khác biệt khi so sánh việc đối chất sự kỳ thị chống lại người da đen với việc đối chất các loại kỳ thị khác (Nghiên cứu 2 và 3). Những kết quả này gợi ý rằng trọng tâm của cuộc đối chất, cùng với các động lực và niềm tin liên nhân, là quan trọng để hiểu phản ứng đối với các cuộc đối chất kỳ thị. Các hệ quả được thảo luận.
Từ khóa
#đối chất #thiên kiến #hành vi xã hội #nghiên cứu tâm lý học #môi trường làm việc hòa nhậpTài liệu tham khảo
Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87(1), 49–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49
Amodio, D. M., Devine, P. G., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2007). A dynamic model of guilt: Implications for motivation and self-regulation in the context of prejudice. Psychological Science, 18(6), 524–530. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01933.x
Anderson, C. A. (1983). The causal structure of situations: The generation of plausible causal attributions as a function of type of event situation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19(2), 185–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(83)90037-9
Anderson, C. A., Miller, R. S., Riger, A. L., Dill, J. C., & Sedikides, C. (1994). Behavioral and characterological attributional styles as predictors of depression and loneliness: Review, refinement, and test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(3), 549–558. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.3.549
Andrews, G. R., & Debus, R. L. (1978). Persistence and the causal perception of failure: Modifying cognitive attributions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 70(2), 154. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.70.2.154
Ashburn-Nardo, L., Morris, K. A., & Goodwin, S. A. (2008). The confronting prejudiced responses (CPR) model: Applying CPR in organizations. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 7(3), 332–342. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2008.34251671
Bono, G., McCullough, M. E., & Root, L. M. (2008). Forgiveness, feeling connected to others, and well-being: Two longitudinal studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(2), 182–195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207310025
Bradfield, M., & Aquino, K. (1999). The effects of blame attributions and offender likableness on forgiveness and revenge in the workplace. Journal of Management, 25(5), 607–631. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639902500501
Brambilla, M., & Leach, C. W. (2014). On the importance of being moral: The distinctive role of morality in social judgment. Social Cognition, 32(4), 397–408. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2014.32.4.397
Clark, R. D., III., & Maass, A. (1988). The role of social categorization and perceived source credibility in minority influence. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18(5), 381–394. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420180502
Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54(10), 805–816. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.10.805
Corning, A. F., & Bucchianeri, M. M. (2010). Perceiving racism in ambiguous situations: Who relies on easy-to-use information? The Journal of Social Psychology, 150(3), 258–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540903365398
Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047358
Czopp, A. M., & Monteith, M. J. (2003). Confronting prejudice (literally): Reactions to confrontations of racial and gender bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(4), 532–544. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202250923
Czopp, A. M., Monteith, M. J., & Mark, A. Y. (2006). Standing up for a change: Reducing bias through interpersonal confrontation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 784–803. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.784
Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Chaiken, S. (1978). Causal inferences about communicators and their effect on opinion change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(4), 424–435. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.36.4.424
Esposo, S. R., Hornsey, M. J., & Spoor, J. R. (2013). Shooting the messenger: Outsiders critical of your group are rejected regardless of argument quality. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52(2), 386–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12024
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2020). Hate Crimes Statistics, 2019: Victims. Retrieved from https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2019/topic-pages/victims.pdf. Accessed 10 January 2022.
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878–902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878
Foll, D. L., Rascle, O., & Higgins, N. C. (2006). Persistence in a Putting Task During Perceived Failure: Influence of State-attributions and Attributional Style. Applied Psychology, 55(4), 586–605. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00249.x
Fresco, D. M., Alloy, L. B., & Reilly-Harrington, N. (2006). Association of attributional style for negative and positive events and the occurrence of life events with depression and anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(10), 1140–1160. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.10.1140
Goodwin, G. P., Piazza, J., & Rozin, P. (2014). Moral character predominates in person perception and evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(1), 148–168. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034726
Graham, S. (1991). A review of attribution theory in achievement contexts. Educational Psychology Review, 3(1), 5–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01323661
Hareli, S., & Hess, U. (2008). The role of causal attribution in hurt feelings and related social emotions elicited in reaction to other’s feedback about failure. Cognition and Emotion, 22(5), 862–880. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930701541641
Heesacker, M., Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1983). Field dependence and attitude change: Source credibility can alter persuasion by affecting message-relevant thinking. Journal of Personality, 51(4), 653–666. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00872.x
Houston, D. M. (2016). Revisiting the relationship between attributional style and academic performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 46(3), 192–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12356
Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L., & Kelley, H. H. (1953). Communication and persuasion.
Hu, T., Zhang, D., & Yang, Z. (2015). The relationship between attributional style for negative outcomes and depression: A meta-analysis. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 34(4), 304–321. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2015.34.4.304
Hui, C. H., Pak, S. T., Kwan, S. O., & Chao, A. (2012). Attributional style and engagement/disengagement responses in the Chinese workforce. Applied Psychology, 61(2), 204–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00463.x
Ilgen, D., & Davis, C. (2000). Bearing bad news: Reactions to negative performance feedback. Applied Psychology, 49(3), 550–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00031
Inman, M. L., & Baron, R. S. (1996). Influence of prototypes on perceptions of prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(4), 727–739. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.4.727
Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2001). Negative attributional style, hopelessness depression and endogenous depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(2), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00160-6
Kendi, I. X. (2019). How to be an antiracist. One world; New York, New York.
Ledbetter, A. M. (2009). Measuring online communication attitude: Instrument development and validation. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 463–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903300262
Liden, R. C., Ferris, G. R., & Dienesch, R. M. (1988). The influence of causal feedback on subordinate reactions and behavior. Group & Organization Studies, 13(3), 348–373. https://doi.org/10.1177/105960118801300307
Lyons, B. J., Pek, S., & Wessel, J. L. (2017). Toward α “Sunlit Path”: Stigma identity management as α source of localized social change through interaction. Academy of Management Review, 42(4), 618–636. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2015.0189
Martinez, L. R., Hebl, M. R., Smith, N. A., & Sabat, I. E. (2017). Standing up and speaking out against prejudice toward gay men in the workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 103, 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.08.001
McCluney, C. L., Bryant, C. M., King, D. D., & Ali, A. A. (2017). Calling in Black: A dynamic model of racially traumatic events, resourcing, and safety. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 36(8), 767–786. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-01-2017-0012
McCullough, M. E., & Hoyt, W. T. (2002). Transgression-related motivational dispositions: Personality substrates of forgiveness and their links to the Big Five. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(11), 1556–1573. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616702237583
McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(6), 1586–1603. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1586
McCullough, M. E., Root, L. M., & Cohen, A. D. (2006). Writing about the benefits of an interpersonal transgression facilitates forgiveness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 887–897. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.887
McFarland, C., & Ross, M. (1982). Impact of causal attributions on affective reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(5), 937. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.43.5.937
McGraw, K. M. (1987). Guilt following transgression: An attribution of responsibility approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(2), 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.2.247
McGraw, K. O., & Wong, S. P. (1996). Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 30–46. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.1.30
Meade, A. W., & Craig, S. B. (2012). Identifying careless responses in survey data. Psychological Methods, 17(3), 437–455. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028085
Metalsky, G. I., Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E., Semmel, A., & Peterson, C. (1982). Attributional styles and life events in the classroom: Vulnerability and invulnerability to depressive mood reactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(3), 612–617. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.43.3.612
Monteith, M. J., Mark, A. Y., & Ashburn-Nardo, L. (2010). The self-regulation of prejudice: Toward understanding its lived character. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 13(2), 183–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430209353633
Nauta, M. M., Epperson, D. L., & Waggoner, K. M. (1999). Perceived causes of success and failure: Are women’s attributions related to persistence in engineering majors? Journal of Research in Science Teaching: The Official Journal of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, 36(6), 663–676. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2736(199908)36:6%3c663::AID-TEA5%3e3.0.CO;2-F
Oluo, I. (2019). So you want to talk about race. Hachette; UK.
Orth, U., Berking, M., Walker, N., Meier, L. L., & Znoj, H. (2008). Forgiveness and psychological adjustment following interpersonal transgressions: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(2), 365–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.07.003
Peterson, C., & Barrett, L. C. (1987). Explanatory style and academic performance among university freshman. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(3), 603–607. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.3.603
Peterson, C., Semmel, A., Von Baeyer, C., Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Seligman, M. E. (1982). The attributional style questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6(3), 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01173577
Petty, R. E., Fleming, M. A., & White, P. H. (1999). Stigmatized sources and persuasion: Prejudice as a determinant of argument scrutiny. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(1), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.19
Pitcan, M., Park-Taylor, J., & Hayslett, J. (2018). Black men and racial microaggressions at work. The Career Development Quarterly, 66(4), 300–314. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12152
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717–731. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206553
Reskin, B. (2012). The race discrimination system. Annual Review of Sociology, 38, 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145508
Rodin, M. J., Price, J. M., Bryson, J. B., & Sanchez, F. J. (1990). Asymmetry in prejudice attribution. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26(6), 481–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(90)90052-N
Ruggs, E. N., Hebl, M. R., Law, C., Cox, C. B., Roehling, M. V., & Wiener, R. L. (2013). Gone fishing: I-O psychologists’ missed opportunities to understand marginalized employees’ experiences with discrimination. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 6(1), 39–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/iops.12007
Saad, L. F. (2020). Me and White Supremacy: Combat Racism, Change the World, and Become a Good Ancestor.). Sourcebooks, Inc.
Sanjuán, P., Pérez, A., Rueda, B., & Ruiz, Á. (2008). Interactive effects of attributional styles for positive and negative events on psychological distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(2), 187–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.03.004
Schoemann, A. M., Boulton, A. J., & Short, S. D. (2017). Determining power and sample size for simple and complex mediation models. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8, 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617715068
Schultz, J. R., & Maddox, K. B. (2013). Shooting the messenger to spite the message? Exploring reactions to claims of racial bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(3), 346–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212475223
Smart Richman, L., & Leary, M. R. (2009). Reactions to discrimination, stigmatization, ostracism, and other forms of interpersonal rejection: A multimotive model. Psychological Review, 116(2), 365. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015250
Sommers, S. R., & Norton, M. I. (2006). Lay theories about White racists: What constitutes racism (and what doesn’t). Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 9(1), 117–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430206059881
Steelman, L. A., & Rutkowski, K. A. (2004). Moderators of employee reactions to negative feedback. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19(1), 6–18. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940410520637
Stevens, L. E., & Fiske, S. T. (1995). Motivation and cognition in social life: A social survival perspective. Social Cognition, 13(3), 189–214. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1995.13.3.189
Stöber, J. (1999). Die soziale-erwünschtheits-skala-17 (SES-17): entwicklung und erste befunde zu reliabilität und validität [The social desirability scale-17 (SDS-17): development and first findings on reliability and validity]. Diagnostica, 45(4), 173–177.
Stöber, J. (2001). The Social Desirability Scale-17 (SDS-17): Convergent validity, discriminant validity, and relationship with age. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 17(3), 222–232.
Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., & Holder, A. (2008). Racial microaggressions in the life experience of Black Americans. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39(3), 329–336. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.39.3.329
Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., Fletcher, C., & Gramzow, R. (1992). Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(4), 669. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.669
Tangney, J. P., Miller, R. S., Flicker, L., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Are shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1256. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1256
Tobin, S. J., & Raymundo, M. M. (2009). Persuasion by causal arguments: The motivating role of perceived causal expertise. Social Cognition, 27(1), 105–127. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2009.27.1.105
Tormala, Z. L., Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2007). Multiple roles for source credibility under high elaboration: It’s all in the timing. Social Cognition, 25(4), 536–552. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2007.25.4.536
Wallace, L. E., Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (2020). When sources honestly provide their biased opinion: Bias as a distinct source perception with independent effects on credibility and persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46(3), 439–453. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167219858654
Waung, M., & Jones, D. R. (2005). The effect of feedback packaging on ratee reactions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(8), 1630–1652. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02188.x
Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92(4), 548. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.92.4.548
Weiner, B. (1986). An attributional theory of motivation and emotion, New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4948-1
Wenzel, M., Woodyatt, L., & McLean, B. (2020). The effects of moral/social identity threats and affirmations on psychological defensiveness following wrongdoing. British Journal of Social Psychology, 59(4), 1062–1081. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12378
Winslow, M. P. (2004). Reactions to the imputation of prejudice. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 26, 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp2604_5
Woodzicka, J. A., & LaFrance, M. (2001). Real versus imagined gender harassment. Journal of Social Issues, 57(1), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00199
Zou, L. X., & Cheryan, S. (2017). Two axes of subordination: A new model of racial position. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(5), 696–717. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000080