Xiaokeping-induced autophagy protects pancreatic β-cells against apoptosis under high glucose stress

Wang, 2015, Diabetes mellitus—advances and challenges in human beta-cell proliferation, Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 11, 201, 10.1038/nrendo.2015.9 Cnop, 2005, Mechanisms of pancreatic β-cell death in type 1 and type 2 diabetes many differences, few similarities, Diabetes, 54, S97, 10.2337/diabetes.54.suppl_2.S97 Liu, 2000, Cytokines induce apoptosis in beta-cells isolated from mice lacking the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS-/-), Diabetes, 49, 1116, 10.2337/diabetes.49.7.1116 Stumvoll, 2005, Type 2 diabetes: principles of pathogenesis and therapy, Lancet, 365, 1333, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)61032-X Alsahli, 2014, Chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus, Mayo Clin. Proc., 89, 1564, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.07.013 Robertson, 2003, Glucose toxicity in β-cells: type 2 diabetes, good radicals gone Bad, and the glutathione connection, Diabetes, 52, 581, 10.2337/diabetes.52.3.581 Meijer, 2008, Autophagy: a sweet process in diabetes, Cell Metab., 8, 275, 10.1016/j.cmet.2008.09.001 Cecconi, 2008, The role of autophagy in mammalian development: cell makeover rather than cell death, Dev. Cell, 15, 344, 10.1016/j.devcel.2008.08.012 Mao, 2011, AMPK activates autophagy by phosphorylating ULK1, Circ. Res., 108, 787, 10.1161/RES.0b013e3182194c29 (!!! INVALID CITATION !!!). Mizushima, 2010, Autophagy in mammalian development and differentiation, Nat. Cell Biol., 12, 823, 10.1038/ncb0910-823 Eisenberg-Lerner, 2009, Life and death partners: apoptosis, autophagy and the cross-talk between them, Cell Death Differ., 16, 966, 10.1038/cdd.2009.33 C.P. Commission, 2015, 1431 Xin, 2015, Xiaokeping mixture inhibits diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced rats through blocking TGF-β1/Smad7 signaling, Drug. Des. Dev. Ther., 9, 6269, 10.2147/DDDT.S93964 Vermes, 1995, A novel assay for apoptosis flow cytometric detection of phosphatidylserine expression on early apoptotic cells using fluorescein labelled annexin V, J. Immunol. Methods, 184, 39, 10.1016/0022-1759(95)00072-I Xia, 1985, Investigations in the effects of Xiaokeping reducing blood glucose, J. Shandong Coll. Tradit. Chin. Med., 3, 13 Yuan, 1985, Production process and clinical effects of Xiaokeping, a new proprietary Chinese medicine, Qilu Pharma. Aff., 2, 26 Jung, 2008, Loss of autophagy diminishes pancreatic β cell mass and function with resultant hyperglycemia, Cell Metab., 8, 318, 10.1016/j.cmet.2008.08.013 Wu, 2017, Autophagy protects against cholesterol-induced apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 482, 678, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.093 Xiao, 2007, Structural basis for AMP binding to mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase, Nature, 449, 496, 10.1038/nature06161 Kim, 2002, mTOR interacts with raptor to form a nutrient-sensitive complex that signals to the cell growth machinery, Cell, 110, 163, 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00808-5 Moon, 2017, Metformin prevents glucotoxicity by alleviating oxidative and ER stress–induced CD36 expression in pancreatic beta cells, J. Diabetes Complicat., 31, 21, 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.09.001 Shimoda, 2011, The human glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue liraglutide preserves pancreatic beta cells via regulation of cell kinetics and suppression of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress in a mouse model of diabetes, Diabetologia, 54, 1098, 10.1007/s00125-011-2069-9 Lai, 2014, The protective effects and genetic pathways of thorn grape seeds oil against high glucose-induced apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells, BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 14, 10, 10.1186/1472-6882-14-10 Jin, 2017, Berberine enhances the AMPK activation and autophagy and mitigates high glucose-induced apoptosis of mouse podocytes, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 794, 106, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.037