Wounds on Rapanea melanophloeos provide habitat for a large diversity of Ophiostomatales including four new species

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek - Tập 109 - Trang 877-894 - 2016
Tendai Musvuugwa1, Z. Wilhelm de Beer2, Tuan A. Duong3, Léanne L. Dreyer1,4, Kenneth Oberlander5,6, Francois Roets4,6
1Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
2Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
3Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
4DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology (CTHB), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
5Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
6Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

Tóm tắt

Rapanea melanophloeos, an important canopy tree in Afromontane forests, is commonly utilised for medicinal bark harvesting. Wounds created from these activities provide entrance for many fungi, including arthropod-associated members of the Ophiostomatales and Microascales (ophiostomatoid fungi). In this study we assessed the diversity of wound-associated Ophiostomatales on storm-damaged R. melanophloeos trees in the Afromontane forests of South Africa. Five species were identified based on micro-morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. These included Ophiostoma stenoceras and four newly described taxa Sporothrix itsvo sp. nov., S. rapaneae sp. nov., S. uta sp. nov. and O. noisomeae sp. nov. Four of these are members of the S. schenckii–O. stenoceras complex (O. stenoceras, S. itsvo sp. nov., S. rapaneae sp. nov., S. uta sp. nov.) while O. noisomeae groups basal in the Ophiostomatales alongside the S. lignivora complex and Graphilbum. In addition to other taxa known from this host, the present study shows that there is a rich, yet still poorly explored, diversity of Ophiostomatales associated with R. melanophloeos in Afromontane forests. More taxa are likely to be discovered with increased research effort. These must be assessed in terms of pathogenicity towards this ecologically and economically important tree.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aghayeva DN, Wingfield MJ, De Beer ZW, Kirisits T (2004) Two new Ophiostoma species with Sporothrix anamorphs from Austria and Azerbaijan. Mycologia 96:866–878 Akaike H (1974) A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans Autom Control 19:716–723 Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215:403–410 Brasier CM (2000) Intercontinental spread and continuing evolution of the Dutch elm disease pathogens. In: Dunn CP (ed) The elms: breeding, conservation and disease management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, pp 61–72 Brasier CM (2008) The biosecurity threat to the UK and global environment from international trade in plants. Plant Pathol 57:792–808 Brasier CM, Buck KW (2001) Rapid evolutionary changes in a globally invading fungal pathogen (Dutch elm disease). Biol Invasions 3:223–233 Castello JD, Leopold DJ, Smallidge PJ (1995) Pathogens, patterns and processes in forest ecosystems. Bioscience 45:16–24 Chen SF, Wingfield MJ, Roets F, Roux J (2013) A serious canker disease caused by Immersiporthe knoxdaviesiana gen. et sp. nov. (Cryphonectriaceae) on native Rapanea in South Africa. Plant Pathol 62:667–678 De Beer ZW, Wingfield MJ (2013) Emerging lineages in Ophiostomatales. In: Seifert KA, De Beer ZW, Wingfield MJ (eds) Ophiostomatoid fungi: expanding frontiers, vol 12. CBS Biodiversity Series, Utrecht, pp 21–46 De Beer ZW, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ (2003) The Ophiostoma piceae complex in the southern hemisphere: a phylogenetic study. Mycol Res 107:469–476 De Beer ZW, Seifert KA, Wingfield MJ (2013a) The ophiostomatoid fungi: their dual position in the Sordariomycetes. In: Seifert KA, De Beer ZW, Wingfield MJ (eds) Ophiostomatoid fungi: expanding frontiers, vol 12. CBS Biodiversity, Utrecht, pp 1–19 De Beer ZW, Seifert KA, Wingfield MJ (2013b) A nomenclature for ophiostomatoid genera and species in the Ophiostomatales and Microascales. In: Seifert KA, De Beer ZW, Wingfield MJ (eds) Ophiostomatoid fungi: expanding frontiers, vol 12. CBS Biodiversity Series, Utrecht, pp 245–322 De Meyer EM, De Beer ZW, Summerbell RC, Moharram AM, De Hoog GS, Vismer HF, Wingfield MJ (2008) Taxonomy and phylogeny of new wood- and soil-inhabiting Sporothrix species in the Ophiostoma stenoceras–Sporothrix schenckii complex. Mycologia 100:647–661 Duong TA, De Beer ZW, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ (2012) Phylogeny and taxonomy of species in the Grosmannia serpens complex. Mycologia 104:715–732 Gardes M, Bruns TD (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Mol Ecol 2:113–118 Gibbs JN (1993) The biology of ophiostomatoid fungi causing sapstain in trees and freshly cut logs. In: Wingfield MJ, Seifert KA, Webber JF (eds) Ceratocystis and Ophiostoma: taxonomy, ecology, and pathogenicity. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, pp 153–160 Glass NL, Donaldson GC (1995) Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous Ascomycetes. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:1323–1330 Griffin HD (1968) The genus Ceratocystis in Ontario. Can J Bot 46:689–718 Guindon S, Gascuel O (2003) A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst Biol 52:696–704 Harrington TC (1981) Cycloheximide sensitivity as a taxonomic character in Ceratocystis. Mycologia 73:1123–1129 Harrington TC (1993) Biology and taxonomy of fungi associated with bark beetles. In: Schowalter TD, Filip GM (eds) Beetle-pathogen interactions in conifer forests. Academic Press, New York, pp 37–58 Harrington TC, Wingfield MJ (1998) The Ceratocystis species on conifers. Can J Bot 76:1446–1457 Harrington TC, Fraedrich SW, Aghayeva DN (2008) Raffaelea lauricola, a new ambrosia beetle symbiont and pathogen on the Lauraceae. Mycotaxon 104:399–404 Heybroek HM (1993) Why bother about the elm? In: Sticklen MB, Sherald JL (eds) Dutch elm disease research. Cellular and molecular approaches. Springer, New York, pp 1–8 Hinds TE (1972) Insect transmission of Ceratocystis species associated with Aspen cankers. Phytopathology 62:221–225 Jacobs K, Wingfield MJ (2001) Leptographium species: tree pathogens, insect associates, and agents of blue-stain. APS press, St. Paul Käärik A (1960) Growth and sporulation of Ophiostoma and some other blueing fungi on synthetic media. Symb Bot Ups 16:1–168 Katoh K, Toh H (2008) Recent developments in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. Brief Bioinform 9:286–298 Kubono T, Ito S (2002) Raffaelea quercivora sp. nov. associated with mass mortality of Japanese oak, and the ambrosia beetle (Platypus quercivorus). Mycoscience 43:255–260 Linnakoski R, De Beer ZW, Athiainen J, Sidorov E, Niemela P, Pappinen A, Wingfield MJ (2010) Ophiostoma spp. associated with pine and spruce-infesting bark beetles in Finland and Russia. Persoonia 25:72–93 Lubke RA, Mackenzie B (1996) Afromontane Forest. In: Low AB, Rebelo GA (eds) Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria, p 12 Malloch D, Blackwell M (1993) Dispersal biology of the ophiostomatoid fungi. In: Wingfield MJ, Seifert KA, Webber JF (eds) Ceratocystis and Ophiostoma: taxonomy, ecology and pathogenicity. APS Press, St. Paul, pp 195–206 Marais GJ, Wingfield MJ (1997) Ophiostoma protearum sp. nov. associated with Protea caffra infructescences. Can J Bot 75:362–367 Marais GJ, Wingfield MJ (2001) Ophiostoma africanum sp. nov., and a key to ophiostomatoid species from Protea infructescences. Mycol Res 105:240–246 Marimon R, Cano J, Gene J, Sutton DA, Kawasaki M, Guarro J (2007) Sporothrix brasiliensis, S. globosa, and S. mexicana, three new Sporothrix species of clinical interest. J Clin Microbiol 45:3198–3206 Moller WJ, Devay JE (1968) Insect transmission of Ceratocystis fimbriata in deciduous fruit orchards. Phytopathology 58:1499–1507 Musvuugwa T, De Beer WZ, Duong TA, Dreyer LL, Oberlander KC, Roets F (2015) New species of Ophiostomatales from scolytine beetles in the Cape Floristic Region, including the discovery of the sexual state of Raffaelea. A Van Leeuw J Microb. doi:10.1007/s10482-015-0547-7 Nkuekam GK, Jacobs K, De Beer ZW, Wingfield MJ, Roux J (2008) Ceratocystis and Ophiostoma species including three new taxa, associated with wounds on native South African trees. Fungal Divers 29:37–59 Nkuekam GK, De Beer ZW, Wingfield MJ, Roux J (2012) A diverse assemblage of Ophiostoma species, including two new taxa on eucalypt trees in South Africa. Mycol Prog 11:515–533 O’Donnell K, Cigelnik E (1997) Two divergent intragenomic rDNA ITS2 types within a monophyletic lineage of the fungus Fusarium are nonorthologous. Mol Phylogenet Evol 7:103–116 Pipe ND, Brasier CM, Buck KW (2000) Evolutionary relationships of the Dutch elm disease fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi to other Ophiostoma species investigated by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the rDNA region. J Phytopathol 148:533–539 Posada D (2008) Selection of models of DNA evolution with jModelTest. In: Posada D (ed) Bioinformatics for DNA sequence analysis. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 93–112 Robak H (1932) Investigations regarding fungi on Norwegian ground wood pulp and fungal infection at wood pulp mills. Nyt Mag Naturvid 71:185–330 Roets F, de Beer ZW, Dreyer LL, Zipfel R, Crous PW, Wingfield MJ (2006) Multi-gene phylogeny for Ophiostoma spp. reveals two new species from Protea infructescences. Stud Mycol 55:199–212 Roets F, Wingfield MJ, Crous PW, Dreyer LL (2007) Discovery of fungus-mite mutualism in a unique niche. Environ Entomol 36:1226–1237 Roets F, De Beer ZW, Wingfield MJ, Crous PW, Dreyer LL (2008) Ophiostoma gemellus and Sporothrix variecibatus from mites infesting Protea infructescences in South Africa. Mycologia 100:496–510 Roets F, Dreyer LL, Crous PW, Wingfield MJ (2009) Mite-mediated hyperphoretic dispersal of Ophiostoma spp. from the infructescences of South African Protea spp. Environ Entomol 38:143–152 Ronquist FR, Huelsenbeck JP (2003) MrBayes: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19:1572–1574 Schirp A, Farrell RL, Kreber B (1999) Effect of New Zealand staining fungi on structural wood integrity of radiata pine. In: Proceedings of the 2nd New Zealand Sapstain symposium, Rotorua, New Zealand, 18–19 November, FRI Bull, vol 215, pp 99–104 Seifert KA (1993) Sapstain of commercial lumber by species of Ophiostoma and Ceratocystis. In: Wingfield MJ, Seifert KA, Webber JF (eds) Ceratocystis and Ophiostoma: taxonomy, ecology and pathogenicity. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, pp 141–151 Seifert SA, Wingfield MJ, Kendrick WB (1993) A nomenclature for described species of Ceratocystis, Ophiostoma, Ceratocystiopsis, Ceratostomella and Sphaeromella. In: Wingfield MJ, Seifert KA, Webber J (eds) Ceratocystis and Ophiostoma: Taxonomy. Ecology and Pathogenicity, American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, pp 269–287 Taylor JE, Lee S, Crous PW (2001) Biodiversity in the Cape Floral Kingdom: fungi occurring on Proteaceae. Mycol Res 105:1480–1484 Turpie JK, Heydenrych BJ, Lamberth SJ (2003) Economic value of terrestrial and marine biodiversity in the Cape Gloristic Region: implications for defining effective and socially optimal conservation strategies. Biol Conserv 112:233–251 VanWyk B, VanWyk P (1997) Field guide to trees of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town Vermeulen WJ, Geldenhuys CJ, Esler KJ (2012) Response of Ocotea bullata, Curtisia dentata and Rapanea melanophloeos to medicinal bark stripping in the southern Cape, South Africa: implications for sustainable use. South For 74:183–193 Webber JF, Jacobs K, Wingfield MJ (1999) A re-examination of the vascular wilt pathogen of takamaka (Colophyllum inophyllum). Mycol Res 103:1588–1592 White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (eds) PCR Protocols: A sequencing guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 315–322 Wingfield MJ, Seifert KA, Webber JA (1993) Ceratocystis and Ophiostoma: taxonomy, ecology and pathogenicity. APS Press, St Paul Zhou XD, De Beer ZW, Wingfield MJ (2006) DNA sequence comparisons of Ophiostoma spp., including Ophiostoma aurorae sp. nov., associated with pine bark beetles in South Africa. Stud Mycol 55:269–277