World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics*‡
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Andersen, 2002, Time to pregnancy in relation to semen quality assessed by CASA before and after sperm separation, Hum Reprod, 17, 173, 10.1093/humrep/17.1.173
Andolz, 1999, Evolution of semen quality in North-eastern Spain: a study in 22,759 infertile men over a 36 year period, Hum Reprod, 14, 731, 10.1093/humrep/14.3.731
Auger, 1995, Decline in semen quality among fertile men in Paris during the past 20 years, N Engl J Med, 332, 281, 10.1056/NEJM199502023320501
Auger, 2001, Sperm morphological defects related to environment, lifestyle and medical history of 1001 male partners of pregnant women from four European cities, Hum Reprod, 16, 2710, 10.1093/humrep/16.12.2710
Barratt, 1988, Semen characteristics of 49 fertile males, Andrologia, 20, 264, 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1988.tb01068.x
Barratt, 1995, Clinical value of sperm morphology for in-vivo fertility: comparison between World Health Organization criteria of 1987 and 1992, Hum Reprod, 10, 587, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a135994
Bartoov, 1993, Estimating fertility potential via semen analysis data, Hum Reprod, 8, 65, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137876
Berling, 1997, No evidence of deteriorating semen quality among men in infertile relationships during the last decade: a study of males from Southern Sweden, Hum Reprod, 12, 1002, 10.1093/humrep/12.5.1002
Berman, 1996, Methodological issues in the analysis of human sperm concentration data, J Androl, 17, 68, 10.1002/j.1939-4640.1996.tb00588.x
Bonde, 1998, Relation between semen quality and fertility: a population-based study of 430 first-pregnancy planners, Lancet, 352, 1172, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)10514-1
Bostofte, 1983, Has the fertility of Danish men declined through the years in terms of semen quality? A comparison of semen qualities between 1952 and 1972, Int J Fertil, 28, 91
Brady, 2004, Depot testosterone with etonogestrel implants result in induction of azoospermia in all men for long-term contraception, Hum Reprod, 11, 2658, 10.1093/humrep/deh491
Brady, 2006, A multi-centre study investigating subcutaneous etonogestrel implants with injectable testosterone decanoate as a potential long-acting male contraceptive, Hum Reprod, 21, 285, 10.1093/humrep/dei300
Büchter, 1999, Clinical trial of transdermal testosterone and oral levonorgestrel for male contraception, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 1244
Bujan, 1996, Time series analysis of sperm concentration in fertile men in Toulouse, France between 1977 and 1992, BMJ, 312, 471, 10.1136/bmj.312.7029.471
Castilla, 2006, Influence of analytical and biological variation on the clinical interpretation of seminal parameters, Hum Reprod, 21, 847, 10.1093/humrep/dei423
Chan, 1986, Spermatozoal fertilizing capacity in polyzoospermia: a preliminary study, Andrologia, 18, 208, 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1986.tb01764.x
Check, 1992, Standard sperm morphology as a predictor of male fertility potential, Arch Androl, 28, 39, 10.3109/01485019208987678
Chia, 1998, What constitutes a normal seminal analysis? Semen parameters of 243 fertile men, Hum Reprod, 13, 3394, 10.1093/humrep/13.12.3394
Coetzee, 1998, Predictive value of normal sperm morphology: a structured literature review, Hum Reprod Update, 4, 73, 10.1093/humupd/4.1.73
Cohn, 2002, Epidemiologic studies of human semen quality: considerations for study design, Am J Epidemiol, 155, 664, 10.1093/aje/155.7.664
Cooper, 2006, Computer-aided evaluation of assessment of ‘grade a’ spermatozoa by experienced technicians, Fertil Steril, 85, 220, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.1286
Cooper, 1991, Variations in semen parameters from fathers, Hum Reprod, 6, 859, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137441
Cooper, 1999, Experience with external quality control in spermatology, Hum Reprod, 14, 765, 10.1093/humrep/14.3.765
Cooper, 2002, Semen analysis and external quality control schemes for semen analysis need global standardization, Int J Androl, 25, 306, 10.1046/j.1365-2605.2002.00370.x
Dybkaer, 1987, Approved recommendation on the theory of reference values. Part 6. Presentation of observed values related to reference values, Clinica Chemica Acta, 170, S33, 10.1016/0009-8981(87)90152-5
Egeland, 2007, [Nuts and bolts of percentiles], Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen, 127, 733
Eustache, 2004, Are volunteers delivering semen samples in fertility studies a biased population?, Hum Reprod, 19, 2831, 10.1093/humrep/deh503
Fisch, 1996, Semen analyses in 1,283 men from the United States over a 25-year period: no decline in quality, Fertil Steril, 65, 1009, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)58278-8
Gao, 2007, Semen quality in a residential, geographic and age representative sample of healthy Chinese men, Hum Reprod, 22, 477, 10.1093/humrep/del383
Gao, 2008, Reference values of semen parameters for healthy Chinese men, Urol Int, 81, 256, 10.1159/000151400
Garrett, 2003, Automated semen analysis: ‘zona pellucida preferred’ sperm morphometry and straight-line velocity are related to pregnancy rate in subfertile couples, Hum Reprod, 18, 1643, 10.1093/humrep/deg306
Glezerman, 1982, Polyzoospermia: a definite pathologic entity, Fertil Steril, 68, 605, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)46642-2
Gonzalo, 2002, Levonorgestrel implants (Norplant II) for male contraception clinical trials: combination with transdermal and injectable testosterone, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 3562, 10.1210/jcem.87.8.8710
Gu, 2003, A multicenter contraceptive efficacy study of injectable testosterone undecanoate in healthy Chinese men, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 562, 10.1210/jc.2002-020447
Gunalp, 2001, A study of semen parameters with emphasis on sperm morphology in a fertile population: an attempt to develop clinical thresholds, Hum Reprod, 16, 110, 10.1093/humrep/16.1.110
Guzick, 2001, Sperm morphology, motility, and concentration in fertile and infertile men, N Engl J Med, 345, 1388, 10.1056/NEJMoa003005
Handelsman, 1997, Estimating familial and genetic contributions to variability in human testicular function: a pilot twin study, Int J Androl, 20, 215, 10.1046/j.1365-2605.1997.00051.x
Handelsman, 2002, Optimal power transformations for analysis of sperm concentration and other semen variables, J Androl, 23, 629, 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02304.x
Handelsman, 1985, Psychological and attitudinal profiles in donors for artificial insemination, Fertil Steril, 43, 95, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)48325-1
Hansen, 1995, Estimation of reference values for urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and alpha-naphthol in Danish workers, Sci Total Environ, 163, 211, 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04485-J
Hauser, 2005, Does the potential for selection bias in semen quality studies depend on study design? Experience from a study conducted within an infertility clinic, Hum Reprod, 20, 2579, 10.1093/humrep/dei088
Hay, 2005, A multicenter phase IIb study of a novel combination of intramuscular androgen (testosterone decanoate) and oral progestogen (etonogestrel) for male hormonal contraception, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 2042, 10.1210/jc.2004-0895
Hjollund, 2000, [Stress and fertility]. A follow-up study among couples planning the first pregnancy, Ugeskr Laeger, 162, 5081
Irvine, 1996, Evidence of deteriorating semen quality in the United Kingdom: birth cohort study in 557 men in Scotland over 11 years, Br Med J, 312, 467, 10.1136/bmj.312.7029.467
Iwamoto, 2006, Semen quality of 324 fertile Japanese men, Hum Reprod, 21, 760, 10.1093/humrep/dei362
Jensen, 2001, Regional differences in waiting time to pregnancy among fertile couples from four European cities, Hum Reprod, 16, 2697, 10.1093/humrep/16.12.2697
Jensen, 2002, Poor semen quality may contribute to recent decline in fertility rates, Hum Reprod, 17, 1437, 10.1093/humrep/17.6.1437
Joffe, 2000, Time trends in biological fertility in Britain, Lancet, 355, 1961, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02328-X
Jonckheere, 2005, Feasibility study for the centralized measurement of sperm concentration, Int J Androl, 28, 311, 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00545.x
Jørgensen, 2001, Regional differences in semen quality in Europe, Hum Reprod, 16, 1012, 10.1093/humrep/16.5.1012
Jouannet, 1981, Study of a group of 484 fertile men. Part I: distribution of semen characteristics, Int J Androl, 4, 440, 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1981.tb00728.x
Jouannet, 2001, Semen quality and male reproductive health: the controversy about human sperm concentration decline, APMIS, 109, 333, 10.1034/j.1600-0463.2001.090502.x
Junqing, 2002, Reference value of semen quality in Chinese young men, Contraception, 65, 365, 10.1016/S0010-7824(02)00281-0
Kamischke, 2000, Potential of norethisterone enanthate for male contraception: pharmacokinetics and suppression of pituitary and gonadal function, Clin Endocrinol, 53, 351, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.01097.x
Kamischke, 2000, Intramuscular testosterone undecanoate with or without oral levonorgestrel: a randomized placebo-controlled feasibility study for male contraception. (Erratum published in Clin Endocrinol 53 661), Clin Endocrinol, 53, 43, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.01024.x
Kamischke, 2001, Is inhibin B a pharmacodynamic parameter for FSH in normal men?, Eur J Endocrinol, 144, 629, 10.1530/eje.0.1440629
Kamischke, 2001, Intramuscular testosterone undecanoate and norethisterone enanthate in a clinical trial for male contraception, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 303
Kamischke, 2002, An effective hormonal male contraceptive using testosterone undecanoate with oral or injectable norethisterone preparations, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 530, 10.1210/jcem.87.2.8218
Katz, 1980, A new quantitative test for sperm penetration into cervical mucus, Fertil Steril, 33, 179, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)44539-5
Koduah, 2004, Centile charts 1: new method of assessment for univariate reference intervals, Clin Chem, 50, 901, 10.1373/clinchem.2003.023762
Larsen, 1998, Selection bias in occupational sperm studies, Am J Epidemiol, 147, 681, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009509
Lemcke, 1997, Frequently subnormal semen profiles of normal volunteers recruited over 17 years, Int J Androl, 20, 144, 10.1046/j.1365-2605.1997.00045.x
Leto, 1981, Changing parameters of donor semen, Fertil Steril, 36, 766, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)45923-6
MacLeod, 1950, The male factor in fertility and infertility; an analysis of ejaculate volume in 800 fertile men and in 600 men in infertile marriage, Fertil Steril, 1, 347, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)30245-X
MacLeod, 1951, Semen quality in 1000 men of known fertility and in 800 cases of infertile marriage, Fertil Steril, 2, 115, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)30482-4
MacLeod, 1951, The male factor in fertility and infertility. II. Spermatozoon counts in 1000 men of known fertility and in 1000 cases of infertile marriage, J Urol, 66, 439, 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)74358-3
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Macomber, 1929, The spermatozoa count: its value in the diagnosis, prognosis and concentration in fertile and infertile men, N Engl J Med, 200, 981, 10.1056/NEJM192905092001905
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McLachlan, 2002, Effects of testosterone plus medroxyprogesterone acetate on semen quality, reproductive hormones, and germ cell populations in normal young men, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 546, 10.1210/jcem.87.2.8231
Menkveld, 2001, Semen parameters, including WHO and strict criteria morphology, in a fertile and subfertile population: an effort towards standardization of in-vivo thresholds, Hum Reprod, 16, 1165, 10.1093/humrep/16.6.1165
Meriggiola, 1996, A combined regimen of cyproterone acetate and testosterone enanthate as a potentially highly effective male contraceptive, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81, 3018
Meriggiola, 2003, Testosterone undecanoate maintains spermatogenic suppression induced by cyproterone acetate plus testosterone undecanoate in normal men, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 5818, 10.1210/jc.2003-030574
Meriggiola, 2005, Norethisterone enanthate plus testosterone undecanoate for male contraception: effects of various injection intervals on spermatogenesis, reproductive hormones, testis and prostate, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 2005, 10.1210/jc.2004-1852
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Slama, 2002, Time to pregnancy and semen parameters: a cross-sectional study among fertile couples from four European cities, Hum Reprod, 17, 503, 10.1093/humrep/17.2.503
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Solberg, 1987, International federation of clinical chemistry. scientific committee, clinical section. expert panel on theory of reference values and international committee for standardization in haematology standing committee on reference values. Approved recommendation (1986) on the theory of reference values. Part 1. The concept of references values, Clin Chim Acta, 165, 111, 10.1016/0009-8981(87)90224-5
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Sultan Sheriff, 1983, Setting standards of male fertility I. Semen analyses in 1500 patients—a report, Andrologia, 15, 687, 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1983.tb00194.x
Stewart, 2009, Associations between andrological measures, hormones and semen quality in ferile Australian men: inverse relationship between obesity and sperm output, Hum Reprod, 24, 1561, 10.1093/humrep/dep075
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Tournaye, 1997, No evidence for a decreased fertilizing potential after in-vitro fertilization using spermatozoa from polyzoospermic men, Hum Reprod, 12, 2183, 10.1093/humrep/12.10.2183
Turner, 2003, Contraceptive efficacy of a depot progestin and androgen combination in men, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 4659, 10.1210/jc.2003-030107
van der Merwe, 2005, The use of semen parameters to identify the subfertile male in the general population, Gynecol Obstet Invest, 59, 86, 10.1159/000082368
Van Waart, 2001, Predictive value of normal sperm morphology in intrauterine insemination (IUI): a structured literature review, Hum Reprod Update, 7, 495, 10.1093/humupd/7.5.495
Van Waeleghem, 1996, Deterioration of sperm quality in young healthy Belgian men, Hum Reprod, 11, 325, 10.1093/HUMREP/11.2.325
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