Work stress, nonwork stress, and health
Tóm tắt
This paper examines the interface between work stress and nonwork stress and how it relates to health. Results indicate that the way people feel at work is largely a function of conditions at work. Similarly, the way people feel outside of work is largely a function of things that occur outside the job. Both work and nonwork stress are independently associated with physical and mental health, although the relationship between nonwork stress and health is slightly stronger. Excessive demands or stresses in one domain can interfere with life in the other. Such conflict operates equally in both directions. When present it can be an added source of stress and adversely affect health. Taken together these findings suggest that the stress people experience at work is not simply a reflection of their “personal problems.” This has implications for the design of health promotion and stress prevention programs in the workplace.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Beutell, N. J., and O'Hare, M. M. (1987). Work-nonwork conflict among MBAs: Sex differences in role Stressors and life satisfaction.Work Stress 1(1): 35–42.
Burke, R. J., and Bradshaw, P. (1981). Occupational and life stress and the family.Small Group Behav. 12(3): 329–375.
Caplan, R. D., Cobb, S., French, J. R. P., Harrison, R. V., and Pinneau, S. R. (1980).Job Demands and Worker Health, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
DeLongis, A., Coyne, J. C., Dakof, G., Folkman, S., and Lazarus, R. S. (1982). Relationship of daily hassles, uplifts and major life events to health status.Health Psychol. 1: 119–136.
Dickerson, O. B., and Kaminer, A. J. (eds.), (1986). The troubled employee.Occup. Med. State Art Rev. 1(4).
Dohrenwend, B. P., and Dohrenwend, B. S. (1981). Some possible relations between stressful work events, other life events and psychopathology. In Gardell, B., and Johansson, G. (eds.),Working Life: A Social Science Contribution to Work Reform, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Fielding, J. E. (1984). Health promotion and disease prevention at the worksite.Annu. Rev. Publ. Health 5: 237–265.
Frankenhaeuser, M., and Gardell, B. (1976). Underload and overload in working life.J. Hum. Stress 2: 35–46.
Froberg, D., Gjerdingen, D., and Preston, M. (1986). Multiple roles and women's mental and physical health: What have we learned?Women Health 11(2): 79–96.
Gore, S., and Mangione, T. W. (1983). Social roles, sex roles and psychological distress: Additive and interactive models of sex differences.J. Health Soc. Behav. 24 (Dec.): 300–312.
Gove, W. R., and Geerken, M. R. (1977). The effect of children and employment on the mental health of married men and women.Social Forces 56: 66–76.
Gove, W. R., and Tudor, J. F. (1973). Adult sex roles and mental illness.Am. J. Sociol. 78: 812–835.
Haynes, S. G. (1987). The effect of high job demands and low control on the health of employed women. In Quick, J. S., Bhagat, R. S., Dalton, J., and Quick, J. D. (eds.),Work Stress Health Care, Praeger Scientific Press, New York.
Hibbard, J. H., and Pope, C. R. (1983). Gender roles, illness orientation and use of medical services.Soc. Sci. Med. 17: 129–137.
House, J. S. (1980).Occupational Stress and the Physical and Mental Health of Factory Workers, University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor.
House, J. S., and Cottington, B. M. (1986). Health and the workplace. In Aiken, L. H., and Mechanic, D. (eds.),Applications of Social Science to Clinical Medicine and Health Policy, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ, pp. 392–416.
Israel, B. A., Schurman, S. J., and House, J. S. (1989). Action research on occupational stress: Involving workers as researchers.Int. J. Health Serv. 19: 135–155.
Israel, B. A., Schurman, S. J., House, J. S., Heaney, C. A., and Mero, R. P. (1989). The relation of personal resources, participation, influence, interpersonal relationships and coping strategies to occupational stress, job strains and health: A multivariate analysis.Work Stress 3: 163–194.
Ivancevich, J. M. (1986). Life events and hassles as predictors of health symptoms, job performance and absenteeism.J. Occup. Behav. 7: 39–51.
Kanner, A. D., Coyne, J. C., Schaefer, C., and Lazarus, R. S. (1981). Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events.J. Behav. Med. 4: 1–39.
Kanter, R. M. (1977).Work and Family in the US: A Critical Review and Agenda for Research and Policy, Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
Karasek, R. A. (1981). Job socialization and job strain: The implications of two related psychosocial mechanisms for job design. In Gardell, B., and Johanson, G. (eds.),Working Life: A Social Science Contribution to Work Reform, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 75–95.
Karasek, R. A., Baker, D., Marxer, F., Ahlbom, A., and Theorell, T. (1981). Job decision latitude, job demands and cardiovascular disease.Am. J. Publ. Health 71: 694–705.
Kittel, F., Kornitzer, M., and Drmaix, M. (1980). Coronary heart disease and job stress in two cohorts of bank clerks.Psychother. Psychosom. 34: 110–123.
Kohn, M., and Schooler, C. (1978). The reciprocal effects of the substantive complexity of work and intellectual flexibility: A longitudinal assessment.Am. J. Sociol. 84(1): 24–52.
Levi, L. (1981).Preventing Work Stress, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
McLean, A. (1979).Work Stress, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
McLeroy, K. R., Green, L. W., Mullen, K. D., and Foshee, V. (1984). Assessing the effects of health promotion in worksites: A review of stress program evaluations.Health Educ. Q. 11(4): 379–401.
Muller, C. (1986). Health and health care of employed women and homemakers: Family factors.Women and Health 11(1): 7–26.
Navarro, V., and Berman, D. (1981).Health and Work Under Capitalism, Baywood, Farmingdale, NY.
Papenek, H. (1973). Men, women and work: Reflections on the two-person career.Am. J. Sociol. 78: 853–872.
Rabkin, J., and Struening, E. (1976). Life events, stress and illness.Science 194: 1013–1020.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population.Appl. Psychol. Measure. 1: 385–401.
Roemer, M. I. (1984). The public/private mix of health care sector financing: International implications.Public Health Rev. 12(2): 119–130.
Staines, G. L. (1980). Spillover versus compensation: A review of the literature on the relationship between work and nonwork,Hum. Relat. 33(2): 111–129.
Staines, G. L., and Pleck, J. H. (1983).The Impact of Work Schedules on the Family, University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor.
Verbrugge, L. M. (1983). Multiple roles and physical health of women and men.J. Health Soc. Behav. 24: 16–30.
Verbrugge, L. M. (1986). Role burdens and physical health of women and men.Women Health 11(1): 47–78.
Veroff, J., Douvan, E., and Kulka, R. A. (1981).Mental Health in America: Patterns of Help-Seeking from 1957 to 1976, Basic Books, New York.
Waldron, I. (1980). Employment and women's health: An analysis of causal relationships.Int. J. Health Serv. 10(3): 435–454.