Work Addiction and Work Engagement: a Network Approach to Cross-Cultural Data

Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy white women. Health Psychology, 19(6), 586–592. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.586

Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Hetland, J., & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a work addiction scale. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53(3), 265–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2012.00947.x

Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Hetland, J., Kravina, L., Jensen, F., & Pallesen, S. (2014). The prevalence of workaholism: A survey study in a nationally representative sample of Norwegian employees. PLoS ONE, 9(8), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102446

Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Sinha, R., Hetland, J., & Pallesen, S. (2016). The relationships between workaholism and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 11(5), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152978

Andreassen, C. S., Schaufeli, W. B., & Pallesen, S. (2018). Myths about “The myths about work addiction”. Commentary on: Ten myths about work addiction (Griffiths et al., 2018). Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 858–862. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.126

Andreassen, C. S., Nielsen, M. B., Pallesen, S., & Gjerstad, J. (2019). The relationship between psychosocial work variables and workaholism: Findings from a nationally representative survey. International Journal of Stress Management, 26(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000073

Atroszko, P. A., & Atroszko, B. (2019). Type-A personality competitiveness component linked to increased cardiovascular risk is positively related to study addiction but not to study engagement. Current Science, 117(7), 1184–1188. https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v117/i7/1184-1188

Atroszko, P. A., Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., & Pallesen, S. (2015). Study addiction—A new area of psychological study: Conceptualization, assessment, and preliminary empirical findings. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(2), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.007

Atroszko, P. A., Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., & Pallesen, S. (2016). The relationship between study addiction and work addiction: A cross-cultural longitudinal study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(4), 708–714. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.076

Atroszko, P. A., Pallesen, S., Griffiths, M. D., & Andreassen, C. S. (2017). Work addiction in Poland: Adaptation of the Bergen Work Addiction Scale and relationship with psychopathology. Health Psychology Report, 5(4), 345–355. https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr.2017.68759

Atroszko, P. A., Demetrovics, Z., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). Beyond the myths about work addiction: Toward a consensus on definition and trajectories for future studies on problematic overworking. A response to the commentaries on: Ten myths about work addiction (Griffiths et al., 2018). Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.8.2019.11

Atroszko, P. A., Demetrovics, Z., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Work addiction, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, burn-out, and global burden of disease: Implications from the ICD-11. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020660

Bailey, C., Madden, A., Alfes, K., & Fletcher, L. (2017). The meaning, antecedents and outcomes of employee engagement: A narrative synthesis. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(1), 31–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12077

Bereznowski, P., & Konarski, R. (2020). Is the polythetic approach efficient in identifying potentially addicted to work individuals? Comparison of the polythetic approach with the item response theory framework. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 51(2), 98–115. https://doi.org/10.24425/ppb.2020.133768

Bereznowski, P., Atroszko, P. A., & Konarski, R. (2021). Network approach to work addiction: A cross-cultural study showed a high replicability of networks across samples from different countries and of diverse sociodemographic backgrounds. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dy92g

Borsboom, D. (2017). A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 16(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20375

Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. (2013). Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 91–121. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608

Borsboom, D., Fried, E. I., Epskamp, S., Waldorp, L. J., van Borkulo, C. D., van der Maas, H. L. J., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2017). False alarm? A comprehensive reanalysis of “Evidence that psychopathology symptom networks have limited replicability” by Forbes, Wright, Markon, and Krueger (2017). Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(7), 989–999. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000306

Brown, R. I. F. (1993). Some contributions of the study of gambling to the study of other addictions. In W. R. Eadington & J. A. Cornelius (Eds.), Gambling behaviour and problem gambling (pp. 241–272). University of Nevada.

Burger, J., Isvoranu, A. M., Lunansky, G., Haslbeck, J. M. B., Epskamp, S., Hoekstra, R. H. A., Fried, E. I., Borsboom, D., & Blanken, T. F. (2020). Reporting standards for psychological network analyses in cross-sectional data. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/4y9nz

Charlton, J. P., & Danforth, I. D. W. (2007). Distinguishing addiction and high engagement in the context of online game playing. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(3), 1531–1548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2005.07.002

Clark, M. A., & Michel, J. S. (2014). Affective reactions and subsequent consequences of heavy work investments. In I. Harpaz & R. Snir (Eds.), Heavy work investment: Its nature, sources, outcomes, and future directions (pp. 187–203). Routledge.

Clark, M. A., Michel, J. S., Zhdanova, L., Pui, S. Y., & Baltes, B. B. (2016). All work and no play? A meta-analytic examination of the correlates and outcomes of workaholism. Journal of Management, 42(7), 1836–1873. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314522301

Clark, M. A., Smith, R. W., & Haynes, N. J. (2020). The Multidimensional Workaholism Scale: Linking the conceptualization and measurement of workaholism. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(11), 1281–1307. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000484

Contreras, A., Nieto, I., Valiente, C., Espinosa, R., & Vazquez, C. (2019). The study of psychopathology from the network analysis perspective: A systematic review. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 88(2), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1159/000497425

Costantini, G., & Epskamp, S. (2017). EstimateGroupNetwork: Perform the joint graphical lasso and select tuning parameters. R package (Version 0.3.1) [Computer software]. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/EstimateGroupNetwork/index.html

Csardi, G., & Nepusz, T. (2006). The igraph software package for complex network research. InterJournal, 1–9. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5b68a4e4a2772c2a206180a1/t/5cd1e3cbb208fc26c99de080/1557259212150/c1602a3c126ba822d0bc4293371c.pdf

Di Stefano, G., & Gaudiino, M. (2019). Workaholism and work engagement: How are they similar? How are they different? A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(3), 329–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2019.1590337

Epskamp, S., Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., Schmittmann, V. D., & Borsboom, D. (2012). qgraph: Network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i04

Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. I. (2018). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behavior Research Methods, 50(1), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1

Forbes, M. K., Wright, A. G. C., Markon, K. E., & Krueger, R. F. (2017a). Evidence that psychopathology symptom networks have limited replicability. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(7), 969–988. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000276

Forbes, M. K., Wright, A. G. C., Markon, K. E., & Krueger, R. F. (2017). Further evidence that psychopathology networks have limited replicability and utility: Response to Borsboom et al. (2017) and Steinley et al. (2017). Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(7), 1011–1016. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000313

Fried, E. I. (2017). The 52 symptoms of major depression: Lack of content overlap among seven common depression scales. Journal of Affective Disorders, 208, 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.019

Fried, E. I. (2020). Lack of theory building and testing impedes progress in the factor and network literature. Psychological Inquiry, 31(4), 271–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2020.1853461

Fried, E. I., van Borkulo, C. D., Cramer, A. O. J., Boschloo, L., Schoevers, R. A., & Borsboom, D. (2017). Mental disorders as networks of problems: A review of recent insights. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1319-z

Fried, E. I., Eidhof, M. B., Palic, S., Costantini, G., Huisman-van Dijk, H. M., Bockting, C. L. H., Engelhard, I., Armour, C., Nielsen, A. B. S., & Karstoft, K. I. (2018). Replicability and generalizability of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) networks: A cross-cultural multisite study of PTSD symptoms in four trauma patient samples. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(3), 335–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702617745092

Golino, H. F., & Epskamp, S. (2017). Exploratory graph analysis: A new approach for estimating the number of dimensions in psychological research. PLoS ONE, 12(6), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174035

Griffiths, M. (2005). A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10(4), 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659890500114359

Griffiths, M. (2011). Workaholism—A 21st-century addiction. The Psychologist: Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 24(10), 740–744.

Griffiths, M. D., Demetrovics, Z., & Atroszko, P. A. (2018). Ten myths about work addiction. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 845–857. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.05

Harpaz, I., & Snir, R. (2014). Heavy work investment: Its Nature, sources, outcomes, and future directions. Routledge.

Haslbeck, J. M. B., & Waldorp, L. J. (2018). How well do network models predict observations? On the importance of predictability in network models. Behavior Research Methods, 50(2), 853–861. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0910-x

Haslbeck, J. (2019). mgm: Estimating time-varying k-order mixed graphical models. R package (Version 1.2–11) [Computer software]. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/mgm/index.html

Jacobs, D. F. (1986). A general theory of addictions: A new theoretical model. Journal of Gambling Behavior, 2(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01019931

Khazaal, Y., Breivik, K., Billieux, J., Zullino, D., Thorens, G., Achab, S., … Chatton, A. (2018). Gaming Addiction Scale assessment through a nationally representative sample of young adult man: Item response theory graded–response modeling. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(8), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.2196/10058

Kulikowski, K. (2019). One, two or three dimensions of work engagement? Testing the factorial validity of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale on a sample of Polish employees. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 25(2), 241–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2017.1371958

Kun, B. (2018). Ten myths and twenty years: What we know and what we still do not know about work addiction. Commentary on: Ten myths about work addiction (Griffiths et al., 2018). Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 863–866. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.125

Leshner, A. I. (1997). Addiction is a brain disease, and it matters. Science, 278(5335), 45–47. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5335.45

Lior, O., Abira, R., & Aviv, W. (2018). Work addiction: An organizational behavior as well as an addictive behavior? Commentary on: Ten myths about work addiction (Griffiths et al., 2018). Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 888–891. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.119

Loscalzo, Y., & Giannini, M. (2018). Response to: Theoretical and methodological issues in the research on study addiction with relevance to the debate on conceptualising behavioural addictions: Atroszko (2018). Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna, 18(4), 426–430. https://doi.org/10.15557/PiPK.2018.0051

Malgaroli, M., Calderon, A., & Bonanno, G. A. (2021). Networks of major depressive disorder: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 85, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102000

Malinowska, D. (2018). How to counter the ten myths about work addiction?: Three postulates for future research. Commentary on: Ten myths about work addiction (Griffiths et al., 2018). Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 871–874. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.123

Nerstad, C. G., Richardsen, A. M., & Martinussen, M. (2010). Factorial validity of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) across occupational groups in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51(4), 326–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00770.x

Operario, D., Adler, N. E., & Williams, D. R. (2004). Subjective social status: Reliability and predictive utility for global health. Psychology & Health, 19(2), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440310001638098

Quinones, C. (2018). Moving from the terminology debate to transdisciplinary understanding of the problem. Commentary on: Ten myths about work addiction (Griffiths et al., 2018). Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 880–883. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.121

R Core Team. (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.

Robinaugh, D. J., Hoekstra, R. H. A., Toner, E. R., & Borsboom, D. (2020). The network approach to psychopathology: A review of the literature 2008–2018 and an agenda for future research. Psychological Medicine, 50(3), 353–366. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719003404

Robinson, B. E. (2014). Chained to the desk: A guidebook for workaholics, their partners and children, and the clinicians who treat them. New York University Press.

Rodebaugh, T. L., Tonge, N. A., Piccirillo, M. L., Fried, E., Horenstein, A., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P., Gross, J. J., Lim, M. H., Fernandez, K. C., Blanco, C., Schneier, F. R., Bogdan, R., Thompson, R. J., & Heimberg, R. G. (2018). Does centrality in a cross-sectional network suggest intervention targets for social anxiety disorder? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(10), 831–844. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000336

Schaufeli, W. B. (2017). Work engagement in Europe: Relations with national economy, governance and culture. Organizational Dynamics, 47(2), 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2018.01.003

Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326

Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701–716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471

Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Bakker, A. B. (2008). It takes two to tango: Workaholism is working excessively and working compulsively. In R. J. Burke & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), The long work hours culture: Causes, consequences and choices (pp. 203–225). Emerald Group Publishing.

Shaffer, H. J., LaPlante, D. A., LaBrie, R. A., Kidman, R. C., Donato, A. N., & Stanton, M. V. (2004). Toward a syndrome model of addiction: Multiple expressions, common etiology. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12(6), 367–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/10673220490905705

Snir, R., & Harpaz, I. (2012). Beyond workaholism: Towards a general model of heavy work investment. Human Resource Management Review, 22(3), 232–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2011.11.011

Sussman, S. (2018). Ten myths (of facts?) about workaholism: An appetitive motivation framework. Commentary on: Ten myths about work addiction (Griffiths et al., 2018). Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 884–887. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.120

Taris, T., van Beek, I., & Schaufeli, W. (2014). The beauty versus the beast: On the motives of engaged and workaholic employees. In I. Harpaz & R. Snir (Eds.), Heavy work investment: Its nature, sources, outcomes, and future directions (pp. 121–139). Routledge.

Tóth-Király, I., Bőthe, B., & Orosz, G. (2018). Seeing the forest through different trees: A social psychological perspective of work addiction. Commentary on: Ten myths about work addiction (Griffiths et al., 2018). Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 875–879. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.122

Vallerand, R. J., Paquet, Y., Philippe, F. L., & Charest, J. (2010). On the role of passion for work in burnout: A process model. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 289–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00616.x

van Borkulo, C., Boschloo, L., Kossakowski, J. J., Tio, P., Schoevers, R. A., Brosboom, D., Waldorp, L. J. (2017). Comparing network structures on three aspects: A permutation test. Unpublished manuscript. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29455.38569

von Klipstein, L., Borsboom, D., & Arntz, A. (2021). The exploratory value of cross-sectional partial correlation networks: Predicting relationships between change trajectories in borderline personality disorder. PLoS ONE, 16(7), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254496