Women and Entrepreneurship in Morocco: Debunking Stereotypes and Discerning Strategies
Tóm tắt
In a global marketplace, women entrepreneurs are a vibrant and growing economic force. As the number of women in self-employment is increasing in most countries, typically entrepreneurial women are still a small proportion of the total population. The article examines women entrepreneurs in the Kingdom of Morocco. The article begins with a description of negative stereotypes of women in Islamic countries, briefly surveying Saudia Arabia, Iran and Morocco as examples of differences in social practices in different Islamic countries. This section is followed by an examination of data along with mini-cases from our study of women entrepreneurs in Morocco, elaborating on responses from interviews concerning their reasons for becoming entrepreneurs, their successful practices, and finally, the business strategies they pursue. The conclusions drawn from the article include the objective of increased self-sufficiency as a central goal of intervention programs.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abbasi, S.M. & Hollman, K.W. 1993. Business success in the Middle East. Management Decision, 31(1): 55–60.
Amit, R. 1994. ‘Push’ and ‘Pull’ entrepreneurs. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, http://www.babson.edu/entrep/fer/papers94/amit.htm.
Bay, E. 1982. Women and work in Africa. Boulder: Westview Press.
Brenner, R. 1987. National policy and entrepreneurship: The statesman’s dilemma. Journal of Business Venturing, 2(2): 95–101.
Brooks, G. 1995. Nine parts of desire: The hidden world of islamic women. New York: Anchor Books.
Bull, I., Thomas, H. & Willard, G. 1995. Entrepreneurship: Perspectives on theory building. New York: Pergamon Books, Elsevier.
Demographic Studies Center. 1998. Gender and development: Socio-demographic and cultural aspects of gender differences. Casablanca, Morocco.
Dollinger, M.J. 2003. Entrepreneurship: Strategies and resources. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Fernea, E.W. 1998. In Search of islamic feminism. New York: Anchor Books.
Gilad, B. & Levine, P. 1986. A behavioral model of entrepreneurial supply. Journal of Small Business Management, 24(4): 44–53.
Gray, K.R. 2001. Women Entrepreneurs in Morocco: A Preliminary Investigation. The North African Studies, 6(4): 64–74.
Gray, K.R., Cooley, W., Lutabingwa, J., Mutai-Kaimenyi, B. & Oyugi, L.A. 1996. Entrepreneurship in micro-enterprises. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Hisrich, R. & Peers, M. 1991. Entrepreneurship. Homewood, IL.: Irwin.
Kapchan, D. 1996. Gender on the market: Moroccan women and the revoicing of tradition. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Khoury, N.F. & Moghadam, V.M. 1995. Gender and Development in the Arab World. London: Zed books.
McGrath, R., MacMillan, I. & Scheinberg, S. 1992. Elitists, risk-takers, and rugged individualists? An exploratory analysis of cultural differences between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 7: 115–135.
Moshavi, S. & Dallas, S. 1998. Behind the scarves, the second sex seethes. Business Week, February 23: 3566: 30F.
Pope, H.J. 2002. For Saudi women, running a business is a veiled initiative. Wall Street Journal, New York, N.Y. A1.
Rassam, A. 1980. Women and domestic power in Morocco. International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 12(2): 171–179.
Said, E.W. 1978. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books.
Said, E.W. 1993. Culture and imperialism. New York: Vintage Books.
Seager, J. 2003. The penguin atlas of women in the world. Hong Kong: Penguin Books.
Shapero, A. 1975. The displaced, uncomfortable entrepreneur. Psychology Today, 9(6): 83–88.
Timmons, J. 1999. New venture strategies: Entrepreneurship for the 21st century, 5th Ed. Burr Ridge, IL.: Irwin-McGraw-Hill.
Tucker, J.W. 1993. Arab women: Old boundaries, new frontiers. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
United Nations Development Program. 2003. Arab human development report 2003: Building a knowledge society. Amman, Jordan: National Press.
Vesper, K.H. 1990. New venture strategies. Upper Saddle River, NJ.: Prentice-Hall.