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Cạnh tranh trong và giữa các loài trong một cộng đồng chim biển: Khám phá thống kê và mô hình hóa dữ liệu chuỗi thời gian
Tóm tắt
Trong một môi trường đang thay đổi, sự duy trì các cộng đồng phải chịu nhiều ràng buộc (hiện tượng mùa, nguồn tài nguyên, khí hậu, v.v.). Một trong những ràng buộc đó là mối quan hệ giữa các cá thể cùng loài và kẻ cạnh tranh. Trong các thuộc địa hỗn hợp, chim biển có thể phải đối mặt với sự cạnh tranh giữa các loài và trong cùng loài về cả không gian và nguồn thức ăn. Chúng tôi đã áp dụng các mô hình tương tác cạnh tranh vào dữ liệu về ba quần thể chim biển đang sinh sản: chim kittiwake chân đen (Rissa tridactyla), chim guillemot phổ biến (Uria aalge) và chim guillemot Brünnich (Uria lomvia) được thu thập trong suốt 27 năm tại Đảo Kharlov ở biển Barents. Chúng tôi phát hiện ra một ảnh hưởng cạnh tranh chỉ khi kích thước quần thể chim kittiwake ảnh hưởng đến kích thước quần thể chim guillemot phổ biến khi chim kittiwake rất đông. Thời gian sinh sản của chim kittiwake tác động tiêu cực đến số lượng chim guillemot Brünnich đang sinh sản. Thời gian sinh sản có mối tương quan tiêu cực với sinh khối của loài cá pelagic chính ở biển Barents, đó là cá capelin (Mallotus villosus), cho thấy một tác động gián tiếp. Ma trận cộng đồng cho thấy rằng cộng đồng này không ổn định. Quần thể chim kittiwake không giảm như đã thấy ở các quần thể phía bắc Na Uy. Tương tự, quần thể chim guillemot phổ biến, sau một sự sụt giảm vào năm 1985, đã hồi phục tại Kharlov trong khi các quần thể Na Uy đang giảm. Chỉ có chim guillemot Brünnich là cho thấy sự giảm sút tại Kharlov cho đến năm 1999. Chúng tôi đề xuất rằng sự ổn định của các quần thể chim kittiwake và chim guillemot phổ biến tại Kharlov là do điều kiện thức ăn tốt hơn so với các thuộc địa ở bờ biển Na Uy, liên quan đến một sự dịch chuyển về phía đông của quần thể cá capelin trong bối cảnh nhiệt độ tăng lên của biển Barents.
Từ khóa
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