Will good public transport substitute free-floating car sharing? A case study from Copenhagen

Antoniou, 2019 Becker, 2017, Comparing car-sharing schemes in Switzerland: User groups and usage patterns, Transp. Res. Part A, 97, 17 Becker, 2017, Modeling free-floating car-sharing use in Switzerland: A spatial regression and conditional logit approach, Transp. Res. Part C, 81, 286, 10.1016/j.trc.2017.06.008 Bronshtein, A., 2017. Train/Test Split and Cross Validation in Python. URL: https://towardsdatascience.com/train-test-split-and-cross-validation-in-python-80b61beca4b6. Carrone, 2020, Understanding car sharing preferences and mode substitution patterns: A stated preference experiment, Transp. Policy, 98, 139, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.03.010 Carrone, A.P., Rich, J., Watling, D., 2022. Free-floating carsharing operation area performance: a Bayesian idle time prediction approach. Preprint. Ceccato, 2021, Substitution and complementarity patterns between traditional transport means and car sharing: a person and trip level analysis, Transportation, 48, 1523, 10.1007/s11116-018-9901-8 Choi, 2012, An analysis of Metro ridership at the station-to-station level in Seoul, Transportation, 39, 705, 10.1007/s11116-011-9368-3 Christiansen, H., 2018. Beregning af usikkerhed og varians for Transportvaneundersøgelsen. Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University. Gammelli, 2020, Estimating latent demand of shared mobility through censored gaussian processes, Transp. Res. Part C, 120, 10.1016/j.trc.2020.102775 Giordano, 2021, A multi-faceted characterization of free-floating car sharing service usage, Transp. Res. Part C, 125, 10.1016/j.trc.2021.102966 Guirao, 2021, Integration of Free Floating Car Sharing Systems in Rail Stations: A Web Based Data Analysis, Future Transp., 1, 38, 10.3390/futuretransp1010004 Hardt, C., Bogenberger, K., 2018. Empirical analysis of demand patterns and availability in free-floating carsharing systems. In: 2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC). pp. 1186–1193. Jochem, 2020, Does free-floating carsharing reduce private vehicle ownership? The case of SHARE NOW in European cities, Transp. Res. Part A, 141, 373 Kepaptsoglou, 2017, Ridership estimation of a new LRT system: Direct demand model approach, J. Transp. Geogr., 58, 146, 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.12.004 Khan, 2017, The impact of land-use variables on free-floating carsharing vehicle rental choice and parking duration, Springer Geography, 331, 10.1007/978-3-319-40902-3_19 MOE A/S, 2022. COMPASS Data Source. URL: https://www.moe.global/services/compass-new-traffic-model-for-the-capital-areal-of-denmark/. Muller, 2017, An explanatory model approach for the spatial distribution of free-floating carsharing bookings: A case-study of German cities, Sustainability, 9, 10.3390/su9071290 Rich, 2016, The Danish national passenger model – Model specification and results, Eur. J. Transp. Infrastruct. Res., 16, 573 Rodrigue, 2020 Schmöller, S., Bogenberger, K., 2014. Analyzing External Factors on the Spatial and Temporal Demand of Car Sharing Systems. Transportation: Can We Do More With Less Resources? – 16th Meeting of the Euro Working Group on Transportation – Porto 2013 111, 8–17. Schmöller, 2015, Empirical analysis of free-floating carsharing usage: The Munich and Berlin case, Transp. Res. Part C, 56, 34, 10.1016/j.trc.2015.03.008 Scikit-learn webpage, 2022. scikit-learn: machine learning in Python – scikit-learn 1.0.2 documentation. URL: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/index.html. Shaheen, 2016, Mobility and the sharing economy: Potential to facilitate the first-and last-mile public transit connections, Built Environ., 42, 573, 10.2148/benv.42.4.573 Shaheen, 2013, Carsharing and personal vehicle services: Worldwide market developments and emerging trends, Int. J. Sustain. Transp., 7, 5, 10.1080/15568318.2012.660103 Sprei, 2019, Free-floating car-sharing electrification and mode displacement: Travel time and usage patterns from 12 cities in europe and the united states, Transp. Res. Part D, 71, 127, 10.1016/j.trd.2018.12.018 Statsmodel webpage, 2022. Statsmodels. URL: https://www.statsmodels.org/stable/index.html. Talvitie, 1973, A direct demand model for downtown work trips, Transportation, 2, I-I, 10.1007/BF02428561 Yan, 2020, Using machine learning for direct demand modeling of ridesourcing services in Chicago, J. Transp. Geogr., 83, 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102661 Zhao, 2014, Analysis of Metro ridership at station level and station-to-station level in Nanjing: An approach based on direct demand models, Transportation, 41, 133, 10.1007/s11116-013-9492-3