Why the Fitts list has persisted throughout the history of function allocation

Joost de Winter1, Dimitra Dodou1
1Department of BioMechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Bainbridge L (1983) Ironies of automation. Automatica 19:775–779

Bekey GA (1970) The human operator in control systems. In: DeGreene KB (ed) Systems psychology. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 248–277

Bye A, Hollnagel E, Brendeford TS (1999) Human-machine function allocation: a functional modelling approach. Reliab Eng Syst Safety 64:291–300

Byrne EA, Gray WD (2003) Returning human factors to an engineering discipline: expanding the science base through a new generation of quantitative methods—preface to the special section. Hum Factors 45:1–4

Byrne EA, Parasuraman R (1996) Psychophysiology and adaptive automation. Biol Psychol 42:249–268

Campbell GU, Essens PJMD (1996) Function allocation in information systems. In: Beevis D, Essens P, Schuffel H (eds) Improving function allocation for integrated systems design. Crew System Ergonomics Information Analysis Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, pp 121–135

Chapanis A (1960) Human engineering. In: Flagle CD, Huggins WH, Roy RH (eds) Operations research and systems engineering. John Hopkins Press, Baltimore

Chapanis A (1965) On the allocation of functions between men and machines. Occup Psychol 39:1–11

Christoffersen K, Woods DD (2002) How to make automated systems team players. In: Salas E (ed) Advances in human performance and cognitive engineering research, vol 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1–12

Chu YY, Rouse WB (1979) Adaptive allocation of decision making responsibility between human and computer in multitask situations. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern SMC 9:769–778

Clegg C, Ravden S, Corbett M, Johnson G (1989) Allocating functions in computer integrated manufacturing: a review and a new method. Behav Inf Technol 8:175–190

Corker K, Pisanich G, Bunzo M (1997) Empirical and analytic studies of human/automation dynamics in airspace management for free flight. In: Proceedings of the 10th international confederation of European aerospace societies conference on free flight, Amsterdam, pp 115–120

Cutting JE (2000) Accuracy, scope, and flexibility of models. J Math Psychol 44:3–19

Debernard S, Vanderhaegen F, Millot P (1992) An experimental investigation of dynamic allocation of tasks between air traffic controller and AI systems. In: Stassen HG (ed) Analysis, design and evaluation of man-machine systems. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 95–100

Degani A, Shafto M, Kirlik A (1999) Modes in human-machine systems: review, classification, and application. Int J Aviat Psychol 9:125–138

Dekker SWA (2005) Ten questions about human error: a new view of human factors and system safety. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale

Dekker S (2011) Drift into failure. Ashgate Publishing, Surrey

Dekker SWA, Hollnagel E (eds) (1999) Coping with computers in the cockpit. Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot

Dekker SWA, Hollnagel E (2004) Human factors and folk models. Cogn Technol Work 6:79–86

Dekker SWA, Woods DD (2002) MABA–MABA or Abracadabra? Progress on human-automation coordination. Cogn Technol Work 4:240–244

Downs E, Clare P, Coe I (1988) Structured systems analysis design method: application and context. Prentice-Hall, New York

Drury CG (1994) Function allocation in manufacturing. In: Robertson SA (ed) Contemporary ergonomics: proceedings of the ergonomics society’s 1994 annual conference. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 2–16

Endsley MR, Kaber DB (1999) Level of automation effects on performance, situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task. Ergon 42:462–492

Fallon EF (2006) Allocation of functions: past, present, and future perspectives. In: Karwowski W (ed) International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors, 2nd edn. CRC Press, New York

Ferrucci D (2010) Build Watson: an overview of DeepQA for the Jeopardy! challenge. In: Proceedings of the 19th international conference on parallel architectures and compilation techniques, Vienna, Austria

Fitts PM (ed) (1951) Human engineering for an effective air navigation and traffic control system. National Research Council, Washington, DC

Fitts PM (1962) Functions of man in complex systems. Ergon Des 1:20–24

Fuld RB (2000) The fiction of function allocation, revisited. Int J Hum Comput Stud 52:217–233

Geddes N (1985) Intent inferencing using scripts and plans. In: Proceedings of the first annual aerospace applications of artificial intelligence conference, Washington DC, pp 123–127

Goom MK (1996) Function allocation and MANPRINT. In: Beevis D, Essens P, Schuffel H (eds) Improving function allocation for integrated systems design. Crew System Ergonomics Information Analysis Center. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, pp 45–61

Govindaraj T, Rouse W (1981) Modeling the human controller in environments that include continuous and discrete tasks. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern SMC 11:410–417

Greenstein JS, Lam ST (1985) An experimental study of dialogue-based communication for dynamic human-computer task allocation. Int J Man-Mach Stud 23:605–621

Grote G, Weik S, Waefler T, Zoelch M (1995) Criteria for the complementary allocation of functions in automated work systems and their use in simultaneous engineering projects? Int J Ind Ergon 16:367–382

Grove WM, Zald DH, Lebow BS, Snitz BE, Nelson C (2000) Clinical versus mechanical prediction: a meta-analysis. Psychol Assess 12:19–30

Hancock PA (1993) On the future of hybrid human-machine systems. In: Wise JA, Hopkin VD, Stager P (eds) Verification and validation of complex systems: human factors issues. Springer, Berlin, pp 61–85

Hancock PA (2009) Mind, machine and morality. Toward a philosophy of human-technology symbiosis. Ashgate Publishing, Surrey

Hancock PA, Chignell MH (1988) Mental workload dynamics in adaptive interface design. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 18:647–658

Hancock PA, Scallen SF (1996) The future of function allocation. Ergon Des Q Hum Factors Appl 4:24–29

Hardman N, Colombi J, Jacques D, Hill RR (2009) An evaluation of collision avoidance technologies using empirical function allocation. Int J Appl Aviat Stud 9:133–154

Hilder S, Harvey R, Theobald B (2009) Comparison of human and machine-based lip-reading. In: Proceedings of the international conference on auditory-visual speech processing, Norwich, pp 86–89

Hoc J-M (2001) Towards a cognitive approach to human-machine cooperation in dynamic situations. Int J Hum-Comput Stud 54:509–540

Hoffman RR, Ford KM, Feltovich PJ, Woods DD, Klein G, Feltovich A (2002) A rose by any other name…would probably be given an acronym. IEEE Intell Syst 17:72–80

Hollnagel E (2004) Automation and human work. In: Sandom C, Harvey RS (eds) Human factors for engineers. The Institution of Engineering and Technology, Herts, pp 113–136

Hollnagel E, Bye A (2000) Principles for modelling function allocation. Int J Hum-Comput Stud 52:253–265

Hollnagel E, Cacciabue PC (1999) Cognition, technology & work: an introduction. Cogn Technol Work 1:1–6

Hollnagel E, Woods DD (2005) Joint cognitive systems: patterns in cognitive systems engineering. CRC Press, Boca Rotan

Hollnagel E, Woods DD, Leveson N (2006) Resilience engineering: concepts and precepts. Ashgate Publishing, Surrey

Hulin D, Mysyrowicz A, Antonetti A, Migus A, Masselink WT, Morkoç H, Gibbs HM, Peyghambarian N (1986) Ultrafast all-optical gate with subpicosecond ON and OFF response time. Appl Phys Lett 49:749–751

Inagaki T (2003) Adaptive automation: sharing and trading of control. In: Hollnagel E (ed) Handbook of cognitive task design. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, pp 147–169

Ip WK, Damodaran L, Olphert CW, Maguire MC (1990) The use of task allocation charts in system design: a critical appraisal. In: Diaper D, Gilmore D, Cockton G, Shackel B (eds) Proceedings of Interact’90, Amsterdam, pp 289–294

Jacobs AM, Grainger J (1994) Models of visual word recognition—sampling the state of the art. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 29:1311–1334

Jordan N (1963) Allocation of functions between man and machines in automated systems. J Appl Psychol 47:161–165

Kantowitz BH, Sorkin RD (1987) Allocation of functions. In: Salvendy G (ed) Handbook of human factors. Wiley, New York, pp 355–369

Kuhn TS (1977) Objectivity, value judgment, and theory choice. In: The essential tension. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 320–339

Kurzweil R (2005) The singularity is near: when humans transcend biology. Viking, New York

Leveson N (2004) A new accident model for engineering safer systems. Saf Sci 42:237–270

Lintern G (in press) Work-focused analysis and design. Cogn Technol Work

MacCallum RC (2003) 2001 presidential address. Working with imperfect models. Multivar Behav Res 38:113–139

Malin JT, Schreckenghost DL, Woods DD, Potter S, Johannesen L, Holloway M, Forbus KD (1991) Making intelligent systems team players: case studies and design issues. Tech Memo 104738, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston

Malone TB, Heasly CC (2003) Function allocation: policy, practice, procedures, & process. Nav Eng J 115:49–62

McCarthy JC, Fallon E, Bannon L (eds) (2000) Dialogues on function allocation [Special issue]. Int J Hum-Comput Stud 52

Meister D (1971) Human factors: theory and practice. Wiley, New York

Meister D (1987) Systems design, development and testing. In: Salvendy G (ed) Handbook of human factors. Wiley, New York, pp 18–42

Meister D (1999) The history of human factors and ergonomics. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah

Metzger U, Parasuraman R (2005) Automation in future air traffic management: effects of decision aid reliability on controller performance and mental workload. Hum Factors 47:35–49

Moore GE (1965) Cramming more components onto integrated circuits. Electron 38:114–117

Mulder M (2009) Aerospace human-machine systems: from safety to where? Dissertation, Delft University of Technology. http://repository.tudelft.nl/view/ir/uuid%3A4f9f2aa0-8d2f-4eb7-ace8-a839b83aff59/

O’Toole AJ, Phillips PJ, Narvekar A (2009) Humans versus algorithms: comparisons from the face recognition vendor test 2006. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on automatic face & gesture recognition, Amsterdam

Older MT, Waterson PE, Clegg CW (1997) A critical assessment of task allocation methods and their applicability. Ergon 40:151–171

Papantonopoulos S (2001) A decision analytic model for cognitive task allocation. Tech Rep, Department of Industrial Management, University of Piraeus

Parasuraman R (2000) Designing automation for human use: empirical studies and quantitative models. Ergon 43:931–951

Parasuraman R, Riley VA (1997) Humans and automation: use, misuse, disuse, abuse. Hum Factors 39:230–253

Parasuraman R, Bahri T, Deaton J, Morrison J, Barnes M (1992) Theory and design of adaptive automation in aviation systems. Prog Rep NAWCADWAR-92033-60, Naval Air Warfare Center, Houston

Parasuraman R, Mouloua M, Molloy R (1996) Effects of adaptive task allocation on monitoring of automated systems. Hum Factors 38:665–679

Parasuraman R, Sheridan TB, Wickens CD (2000) A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern—A Syst Hum 30:286–297

Parasuraman R, Sheridan TB, Wickens CD (2008) Situation awareness, mental workload, and trust in automation: viable, empirically supported cognitive engineering constructs. J Cogn Eng Decis Mak 2:140–160

Parsons HM (1981) Automation and engineering psychology: a look to the future. Invited address at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Professional paper 7081. Human Resources Research Organisation, Alexandria

Pitt MA, Myung IJ, Zhang S (2002) Toward a method of selecting among computational models of cognition. Psychol Rev 109:472–491

Pope AT, Bogart EH, Bartolome D (1995) Biocybernetic system evaluates indices of operator engagement. Biol Psychol 40:187–196

Popper K (1959) The logic of scientific discovery. Routledge, London

Price HE (1985) The allocation of function in systems. Hum Factors 27:33–45

Prinzel LJ III, Freeman FG, Scerbo MW, Mikulka PJ, Pope AT (2003) Effects of a psychophysiological system for adaptive automation on performance, workload, and the event-related potential P300 component. Hum Factors 45:601–613

Proctor RW, Vu K-PL (2010) Cumulative knowledge and progress in human factors. Annu Rev Psychol 61:623–651

Rappaport M (1970) Human factors applications in medicine. Hum Factors 12:25–35

Reason J (1987) Cognitive aids in process environments: prostheses or tools? Int J Man-Mach Stud 27:463–470

Reising JM, Moss RW (1986) 2010: the symbionic cockpit. IEEE Aerosp Electron Syst Magaz 1:24–47

Rencken WD, Durrant-Whyte HF (1993) A quantitative model for adaptive task allocation in human-computer interfaces. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 23:1072–1090

Rieger CA, Greenstein JS (1982) The allocation of tasks between the human and computer in automated systems. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on cybernetics and society, New York, pp 204–208

Roberts S, Pashler H (2000) How persuasive is a good fit? A comment on theory testing. Psychol Rev 107:358–367

Rouse WB (1977) Human-computer interaction in multitask situations. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern SMC 7:384–392

Rouse WB (1988) Adaptive aiding for human/computer control. Hum Factors 30:431–443

Rouse WB (1994) Twenty years of adaptive aiding: origins of the concepts and lessons learned. In: Mouloula M, Parasuraman R (eds) Human performance in automated systems: current research and trends. Lawrence Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ, pp 28–33

Sanders MS, McCormick EJ (1987) Human factors in engineering and design. McGraw-Hill, New York

Sarter NB, Woods DD, Billings CE (1997) Automation surprises. In: Salvendy G (ed) Handbook of human factors and ergonomics, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 1926–1943

Scerbo MW (2007) Adaptive automation. In: Parasuraman R, Rizzo M (eds) Neuroergonomics: the brain at work. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 239–252

Sharit J (1996) Allocation of functions. In: Salvendy G (ed) Handbook of human factors and ergonomics. Wiley, New York, pp 301–336

Sheridan TB (1997) Task analysis, task allocation and supervisory control. In: Helander MG, Landauer TK, Prabhu PV (eds) Handbook of human-computer interaction. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 87–105

Sheridan TB (2000) Function allocation: algorithm, alchemy or apostasy? Int J Hum-Comput Stud 52:203–216

Sheridan TB (2004) Humans and automation: system design and research issues. Wiley, Santa Monica

Sheridan TB, Parasuraman R (2000) Human vs. automation in responding to failures: an expected-value analysis. Hum Factors 42:403–407

Sheridan TB, Verplank WL (1978) Human and computer control of undersea teleoperators. Tech Rep, MIT Man-Machine Systems Laboratory, Cambridge

Shoval S, Koren Y, Borenstein J (1993) Optimal task allocation in task agent control state space. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on systems, man and cybernetics, vol 4, pp 27–32

Speekenbrink M (2005) Consensus and methodology. Dissertation, University of Amsterdam. http://dare.uva.nl/document/13961

Swain AD, Guttman HF (1980) Handbook of human reliability analysis with emphasis on nuclear power plant applications. Rep NRC NUREG-CR-1278, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM

US Department of Defense (1987) Human engineering procedures guide. Rep DOD-HDBK-763, Washington, DC

Wei ZG, Macwan AP, Wieringa PA (1998) A quantitative measure for degree of automation and its relation to system performance and mental load. Hum Factors 40:277–295

Wickens CD (1992) Engineering psychology and human performance, 2nd edn. HarperCollins, New York

Wickens C, Mavor AS, Parasuraman R, McGee JP (1998) The future of air traffic control. Human operators and automation. National Academy Press, Washington, DC

Woods DD (2002) Steering the reverberations of technology change on fields of practice: laws that govern cognitive work. In: Gray WD, Schunn CD (eds) Proceedings of the twenty-fourth annual conference of the cognitive science society, pp 14–16

Wu C, Tsimhoni O, Liu Y (2008) Development of an adaptive workload management system using the queueing network-model human processor (QN-MHP). IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 9:463–475