Why the FUSS (Fentanyl Urine Screen Study)? A cross-sectional survey to characterize an emerging threat to people who use drugs in British Columbia, Canada

British Columbia Coroners Service. Information bulletin: BC Coroners Service warns of deaths related to illicit fentanyl use. 2014. http://www.pssg.gov.bc.ca/coroners/reports/docs/2014JAG0150-000766.pdf . Accessed 27 Oct 2015.

Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, Canadian Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use. CCENDU drug alert—increasing availability of counterfeit oxycodone tablets containing fentanyl. 2014. http://www.ccsa.ca/Resource%20Library/CCSA-CCENDU-Oxycontin-Fentanyl-Alert-2014-en.pdf Library/CCSA-CCENDU-Oxycontin-Fentanyl-Alert-2014-en.pdf. Accessed Oct 27, 2015.

Poklis A. Fentanyl: A Review for Clinical and Analytical Toxicologists. Clin Toxicol [Internet]. Informa UK Ltd UK; 1995;33(5):439–47. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/15563659509013752?journalCode=ictx19#.VkU0cHGjN8E Accessed 11 May 2015.

Hess R, Stiebler G, Herz A. Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in man and the rabbit. Eur J Clin Pharmacol [Internet]. 1972;4(3):137–41. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00561135 Accessed 21 May 2015.

Jafari S, Buxton JA, Joe R. Rising fentanyl-related overdose deaths in British Columbia. Can J Addict. 2015;6(1):4–6. http://www.csam-smca.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/CJA-vol6-no1-2015.pdf . Accessed 27 Oct 2015.

Martin TL, Woodall KL, McLellan BA. Fentanyl-related deaths in Ontario, Canada: toxicological findings and circumstances of death in 112 cases (2002–2004). J Anal Toxicol. 2006;30(8):603–10. http://jat.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/8/603.full.pdf . Accessed 11 May 2015.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nonpharmaceutical fentanyl-related deaths—multiple states, April 2005–March 2007. MMWR. 2008;57(29):793–6. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5729a1.htm . Accessed 12 May 2015.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Acetyl fentanyl overdose fatalities—Rhode Island, March-May 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62(34):703–4.

Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. CCENDU bulletin: deaths involving fentanyl in Canada, 2009–2014. Ottawa, ON; 2015.

Kuo M, Shamsian A, Tzemis D, Buxton JA. A drug use survey among clients of harm reduction sites across British Columbia, Canada, 2012. Harm Reduct J. 2014;11:13.

Silverstein JH, Rieders MF, McMullin M, Schulman S, Zahl K. An analysis of the duration of fentanyl and its metabolites in urine and saliva. Anesth Analg. 1993;76:618–21.

BTNX Inc. Rapid response: fentanyl (FYL) test strip (urine) product insert. Markham, ON, Canada; 2013.

Sorge J, Buxton JA, Amlani A, Ishiguro S. Substance use trends in BC: a survey of harm reduction clients—overall results for British Columbia 2014. 2015.

Anonymous. Personal Communication. Vancouver; 2015.

Walsh J. Personal Communication. 2015.

Stiller RL, Scierka AM, Davis PJ, Ryan Cook D. A brief technical communication: detection of fentanyl in urine. Forensic Sci Int. 1990;44(1):1–6. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037907389090160Z . Accessed 12 May 2015.

British Columbia Center for Disease Control. Communicating drug alerts (CDA)—tips for informing people who use drugs about adverse drug events. 2014.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Community-based opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone—United States, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(6):101–5.

Banjo O, Tzemis D, Al-Qutub D, Amlani A, Kesselring S, Buxton JA. A quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the British Columbia Take Home Naloxone program. Can Med Assoc. 2014;2(3):E153–61. http://www.cmajopen.ca/content/2/3/E153.full . Accessed 26 May 2015. CMAJ Open.

A strategic plan for Rhode Island: RI Governor’s Overdose Prevention and Intervention Task Force . 2015 http://www.strategicplanri.org/ . Accessed 3 Nov 2015.

CDC Health Alert Network (HAN): increases in fentanyl drug confiscations and fentanyl-related overdose fatalities. Atlanta, GA; 2015 http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00384.asp . Accessed 3 Nov 2015.