Why do people postpone parenthood? Reasons and social policy incentives
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Aassve, 2006, Societal transition, policy changes and family formation: evidence from Hungary, Eur J Popul, 22, 127, 10.1007/s10680-005-7434-2
Adserà, 2004, Changing fertility rates in developed countries. The impact of labor market institutions, J Popul Econ, 17, 17, 10.1007/s00148-003-0166-x
Albrecht, 1999, Career interruptions and subsequent earnings: a reexamination using Swedish data, J Hum Resour, 34, 294, 10.2307/146347
Allen, 2006, Genetics Committee of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of C and Reproductive Endocrinology Infertility Committee of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of C. Pregnancy outcomes after assisted reproductive technology, J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 28, 220, 10.1016/S1701-2163(16)32112-0
Amato, 2000, The consequences of divorce for adults and children, J Mar Fam, 62, 1269, 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01269.x
Amuedo-Dorantes, 2005, The motherhood wage gap for women in the United States: the importance of college and fertility delay, Rev Econ Househ, 17, 10.1007/s11150-004-0978-9
Andersson, 2000, The impact of labour-force participation on childbearing behaviour: pro-cyclical fertility in Sweden during the 1980s and the 1990s, Eur J Popul, 16, 293, 10.1023/A:1006454909642
Ariès, 1980, Two successive motivations for the declining birth rate in the West, Popul Dev Rev, 6, 645, 10.2307/1972930
Bailey, 2006, More power to the pill: the impact of contraceptive freedom on women's life cycle labor supply, Q J Econ, 121, 289
Baizán, 2003, Cohabitation, marriage, and first birth: the interrelationship of family formation events in Spain, Eur J Popul, 19, 147, 10.1023/A:1023343001627
Balbo, 2011, The effects of social capital and social pressure on the intention to have a second or third child in France, Germany, and Bulgaria, 2004 -05, Pop Stud, 65, 10.1080/00324728.2011.579148
Baum, 2002, The effect of work interruptions on women's wages, Labour, 16, 1, 10.1111/1467-9914.00185
Beck, 2001, Individualization
Bernhardt, 1993, Fertility and employment, Eur Sociol Rev, 9, 25, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a036659
Bianchi, 2000, Is anyone doing the housework? Trends in the gender division of household labor, Soc For, 79, 191
Björklund, 2006, Does family policy affect fertility? Lessons from Sweden, J Popul Econ, 19, 3, 10.1007/s00148-005-0024-0
Blanchet, 1994, The demographic impact of family benefits: evidence from a micro-model and from macro-data, The Family, the Market and the State in Ageing Societies, 79
Blossfeld, 1995, Changes in the process of family formation and women's growing economic independence: a comparison of nine countries, The New Role of Women: Family Formation in Modern Societies, 3
Blossfeld, 1991, Human capital investments or norms of role transition? How women's schooling and career affect the process of family formation, Am J Sociol, 97, 143, 10.1086/229743
Brewster, 2000, Fertility and women's employment in industrialized nations, Ann Rev Sociol, 26, 271, 10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.271
Brown, 2000, Fertility following marital dissolution: the role of cohabitation, J Fam Issues, 21, 501, 10.1177/019251300021004005
Budig, 2003, Are women's employment and fertility histories interdependent? An examination of causal order using event history analysis, Soc Sci Res, 32, 376, 10.1016/S0049-089X(03)00012-7
Bumpass, 1991, The role of cohabitation in declining rates of marriage, Demography, 53, 913
Castles, 2003, The world turned upside down: below replacement fertility, changing preferences and family-friendly public policy in 21 OECD countries, J Euro Soc Pol, 13, 209, 10.1177/09589287030133001
Chesnais, 1996, Fertility, family and social policy in contemporary Western Europe, Popul Dev Rev, 22, 729, 10.2307/2137807
Chiuri, 2003, Financial market imperfections and home ownership: a comparative study, Eur Econ Rev, 47, 857, 10.1016/S0014-2921(02)00273-8
Cibula, 2008, Women's contraceptive practices and sexual behaviour in Europe, Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care, 13, 362, 10.1080/13625180802511541
Cohen, 2007, Do financial incentives affect fertility?, NBER Working Paper
Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer, 2001, Familial breast cancer: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 52 epidemiological studies including 58,208 women with breast cancer and 101,986 women without the disease, Lancet, 358, 1389, 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06524-2
Datta Gupta, 2008, The impact of Nordic countries’ family friendly policies on employment, wages, and children, Rev Econ Househ, 6, 65, 10.1007/s11150-007-9023-0
Del Boca, 2002, The effect of child care and part-time opportunities on participation and fertility decisions in Italy, J Pop Econ, 15, 549, 10.1007/s001480100089
Di Prete, 2003, Do cross-national differences in the costs of children generate cross-national differences in fertility rates?, J Popul Res Policy Rev, 22, 439, 10.1023/B:POPU.0000020961.89068.91
Fergusson, 1999, Maternal age and educational and psychosocial outcomes in early adulthood, J Child Psychol Psychiatr, 40, 479, 10.1111/1469-7610.00464
Gauthier, 2007, The impact of family policies on fertility in industrialized countries: a review of the literature, Popul Res Policy Rev, 26, 323, 10.1007/s11113-007-9033-x
Gauthier, 1997, Family benefits and fertility: an econometric analysis, Popul Stud, 51, 295, 10.1080/0032472031000150066
Gershuny, 2000, Changing Times: Work and Leisure in Postindustrial Society, 10.1093/oso/9780198287872.001.0001
Gibson-Davis, 2005, High hopes but even higher expectations: the retreat from marriage among low-income couples, J Mar Fam, 67, 1301, 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00218.x
Goldin, 2006, The quiet revolution that transformed women's employment, education, and family, Am Econ Rev, 96, 1, 10.1257/000282806777212350
Goldin, 2002, The power of the pill: oral contraceptives and women's career and marriage decisions, J Pol Econ, 110, 730, 10.1086/340778
Goldscheider, 2010, Reconciling studies of men's gender attitudes and fertility: response to Westoff & Higgins, Dem Res, 22, 189, 10.4054/DemRes.2010.22.8
Goldstein, 2003, The emergence of sub-replacement family size ideals in Europe, Popul Res Policy Rev, 22, 479, 10.1023/B:POPU.0000020962.80895.4a
Goldstein, 2009, The end of lowest-low fertility?, Popul Dev Rev, 35, 663, 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00304.x
Gustafsson, 2001, Optimal age at motherhood. Theoretical and empirical considerations on postponement of maternity in Europe, J Popul Econ, 14, 225, 10.1007/s001480000051
Gustafsson, 2006, Education and Postponement of Maternity. Economic Analysis for Industrialized Countries, 10.1007/1-4020-4716-9
Habbema, 2004, Towards less confusing terminology in reproductive medicine: a proposal, Fertil Steril, 82, 36, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.04.024
Hank, 2003, A multilevel analysis of child care and women's fertility decisions in Western Germany, J Mar Fam, 65, 584, 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00584.x
Happel, 1984, An economic analysis of the timing of childbirth, Popul Stud, 38, 299, 10.1080/00324728.1984.10410291
Hardy, 1998, Like mother, like child: intergenerational patterns of age at first birth and associations with childhood and adolescent characteristics and adult outcomes in the second generation, Dev Psychol, 34, 1220, 10.1037/0012-1649.34.6.1220
Heck, 1997, Delayed childbearing by education level in the United States, 1969–1994, Matern Child Health J, 1, 81, 10.1023/A:1026218322723
Henry, 1965, French statistical work in natural fertility, Public Health and Population Change, 333
Heuveline, 2004, The role of cohabitation in family formation: the United States in comparative perspective, J Mar Fam, 66, 1214, 10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00088.x
Hobson, 2002, Making Men Into Fathers: Men, Masculinities and the Social Politics of Fatherhood, 10.1017/CBO9780511489440
Hoem, 2000, Entry into motherhood in Sweden: the influence of economic factors on the rise and fall in fertility, 1986–1997, Dem Res, 2
Hoem, 2008, The impact of public policies on European fertility, Dem Res, 19, 249, 10.4054/DemRes.2008.19.10
Hoem, 2006, Educational attainment and childlessness: the relationship between educational field, educational level, and childlessness among Swedish women born in 1955–59, Demo Res, 14, 331, 10.4054/DemRes.2006.14.15
Hook, 2006, Care in context: men's unpaid work in 20 countries, 1965–2003, Am Soc Rev, 71, 639, 10.1177/000312240607100406
Hook, 2010, Gender inequality and the welfare state: sex segregation in housework, 1965–2003, Am J Sociol, 115, 1480, 10.1086/651384
Inui, 2003, Restructuring youth: recent studies of Japanese youth and its contextual origin, J Youth Stud, 6, 219, 10.1080/1367626032000110327
Joshi, 2002, Production, reproduction and education: women, children and work in a British perspective, Pop Dev Rev, 28, 445, 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2002.00445.x
Jütting, 2008, Measuring gender (in)equality: the OECD gender, institutions and development data base, J Hum Dev, 9, 65, 10.1080/14649880701811401
Kaufman, 2000, Do gender role attitudes matter? Family formation and dissolution among traditional and egalitarian men and women, J Fam Issues, 21, 128, 10.1177/019251300021001006
Kearny, 2004, Is there an effect of incremental welfare benefits on fertility behavior? A look at the family cap, J Hum Res, 39, 295, 10.2307/3559016
Kneale, 2008, Postponement and childlessness: evidence from two British cohorts, Dem Res, 19, 1935, 10.4054/DemRes.2008.19.58
Kohler, 2002, The emergence of lowest-low fertility in Europe during the 1990s, Popul Dev Rev, 28, 641, 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2002.00641.x
Kravdal, 2002, The impact of individual and aggregate unemployment on fertility in Norway, Dem Res, 6, 263, 10.4054/DemRes.2002.6.10
Kravdal, 2008, Changing relationships between education and fertility: a study of women and men born 1940–1964, Am Soc Rev, 73, 854, 10.1177/000312240807300508
Kreyenfeld, 2010, Uncertainties in female employment careers and the postponement of parenthood in Germany, Eur Soc Rev, 26, 51
Kreyenfeld, 2000, Does the availability of child care influence the employment of mothers? Findings from western Germany, J Popul Res Policy Rev, 19, 317, 10.1023/A:1026556309080
Lampic, 2006, Fertility awareness, intentions concerning childbearing and attitudes towards parenthood among female and male academics, Hum Reprod, 21, 558, 10.1093/humrep/dei367
Lappegård, 2005, The multifaceted impact of education on entry into motherhood, Eur J Popul, 21, 31, 10.1007/s10680-004-6756-9
Laroque, 2004, Fertility and financial incentives in France, CESifo, 50, 423, 10.1093/cesifo/50.3.423
Leridon, 1977, Human Fertility: The Basic Component
Leridon, 2004, Can assisted reproduction technology compensate for the natural decline in fertility with age? A model assessment, Hum Reprod, 19, 1548, 10.1093/humrep/deh304
Leridon, 2006, Demographic effects of the introduction of steroid contraception in developed countries, Hum Reprod Update, 12, 603, 10.1093/humupd/dml025
Leridon, 2008, A new estimate of permanent sterility by age: sterility defined as the inability to conceive, Popul Stud, 62, 15, 10.1080/00324720701804207
Lesthaeghe, 1986, Value changes and the dimensions of familism in the European Community, Eur J Popul, 2, 225, 10.1007/BF01796593
Lesthaeghe, 1995, The second demographic transition in Western countries: an interpretation, Gender and Family Change in Industrialized Countries, 17, 10.1093/oso/9780198289708.003.0002
Letablier, 2009, The Cost of Raising Children and the Effectiveness of Policies to Support Parenthood in European Countries: A Literature Review. Directorate-General Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities
Liefbroer, 2005, The impact of perceived costs and rewards of childbearing on entry into parenthood: evidence from a panel study, Eur J Popul, 21, 367, 10.1007/s10680-005-2610-y
Luke, 2007, Elevated risks of pregnancy complications and adverse outcomes with increasing maternal age, Hum Reprod, 22, 1264, 10.1093/humrep/del522
Manning, 2002, First comes cohabitation, then comes marriage?, J Fam Issues, 23, 1065, 10.1177/019251302237303
Martin, 2000, Diverging fertility among U.S. women who delay childbearing past age 30, Demography, 37, 523, 10.1353/dem.2000.0007
Martin-Garcia, 2006, The impact of type of education and of educational enrolment on first births, Eur Soc Rev, 22, 259, 10.1093/esr/jci056
Mason, 1997, Gender and demographic change: what do we know?, The Continuing Demographic Transition, 158
McDonald, 2000, Gender equity in theories of fertility transition, Popul Dev Rev, 26, 427, 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2000.00427.x
McDonald, 2000, Gender equality, social institutions and the future of fertility, J Popul Res, 17, 1, 10.1007/BF03029445
McDonald, 2006, Low fertility and the state: the efficacy of policy, Popul Dev Rev, 32, 485, 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2006.00134.x
McDonald, 2009, Fertility in South Australia: an overview of trends and socio-economic differences
Meller, 2002, Major depression in unexplained infertility, J Psychoma Obstet Gynaeol, 23, 27, 10.3109/01674820209093412
Miller, 2010, The effect of motherhood timing on career path, J Popul Econ, 24, 1071, 10.1007/s00148-009-0296-x
Miller Torr, 2004, Second births and the second shift: a research note on gender equity and fertility, Popul Dev Rev, 30, 109, 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00005.x
Milligan, 2005, Subsidizing the stork: new evidence on tax incentives and fertility, Rev Econ Stat, 87, 539, 10.1162/0034653054638382
Mills, 2004, Stability and change: the structuration of partnership histories in Canada, the Netherlands and the Russian Federation, Eur J Popul, 20, 141, 10.1023/B:EUJP.0000033862.83081.ad
Mills, 2010, Gender roles, gender (in)equality and fertility: an empirical test of five gender equity indices, Can Stud Popul, 37, 445, 10.25336/P6131Q
Mills, 2010, Preferences for the sex-composition of children in Europe: a multilevel level examination of its effect on progression to a third child, Popul Stud, 64, 77, 10.1080/00324720903497081
Mills, 2005, Becoming an adult in uncertain times: a 14-country comparison of the losers of globalization, Globalization, Uncertainty and Youth in Society, 393
Mills, 2008, Gender equity and fertility intentions in Italy and the Netherlands, Demo Res, 18, 1, 10.4054/DemRes.2008.18.1
Moher, 2009, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement, PLoS Med, 151, 264
Mulder, 2006, Home-ownership and family formation, J Hous Built Environ, 21, 281, 10.1007/s10901-006-9050-9
Neyer, 2006, Family Policies and Fertility in Europe: Fertility Policies at the Intersection of Gender Policies, Employment Policies and Care Policies, 10.4054/MPIDR-WP-2006-010
Neyer, 2008, Consequences of family policies on childbearing behavior: effects or artifacts?, Popul Dev Rev, 34, 699, 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2008.00246.x
OECD, 2009, Society at a Glance 2008: OECD Social Indicators
Oláh, 2003, Gendering fertility: second births in Sweden and Hungary, Popul Res Policy Rev, 22, 171, 10.1023/A:1025089031871
Oppenheimer, 1994, Women's rising employment and the future of the family in industrial societies, Popul Dev Rev, 20, 293, 10.2307/2137521
Puur, 2008, Men's childbearing desires and views of the male role in Europe at the dawn of the 21st century, Dem Res, 19, 1883, 10.4054/DemRes.2008.19.56
Rindfuss, 2008, Institutions and the transition to adulthood: implications for fertility tempo in low-fertility settings, Vienna Yearb Popul Res, 57, 10.1553/populationyearbook2008s57
Rindfuss, 1980, Education and fertility: implications for the roles women occupy, Am Soc Rev, 45, 431, 10.2307/2095176
Rindfuss, 1996, Education and changing age pattern of American fertility: 1963–1989, Demography, 33, 277, 10.2307/2061761
Rindfuss, 2004, Social networks and family change in Japan, Am Soc Rev, 69, 838, 10.1177/000312240406900605
Rindfuss, 2007, Child care availability and first-birth timing in Norway, Demography, 44, 345, 10.1353/dem.2007.0017
Rønsen, 2004, Fertility and public policies—evidence from Norway and Finland, Demo Res, 10
Santow, 2001, Deferment of first birth and fluctuating fertility in Sweden, Eur J Popul, 17, 343, 10.1023/A:1012527623350
Schmidt, 2010, Should men and women be encouraged to start childbearing at a younger age?, Expert Rev Obstet Gynecol, 5, 145, 10.1586/eog.09.77
Skouby, 2004, Contraceptive use and behavior in the 21st century: a comprehensive study across five European countries, Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care, 9, 57, 10.1080/13625180410001715681
Sobotka, 2004, Is lowest-low fertility in Europe explained by the postponement of childbearing?, Popul Dev Rev, 30, 195, 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.010_1.x
Sobotka, 2004, Postponement of Childbearing and Low Fertility in Europe
Spinelli, 2000, Patterns of contraceptive use in 5 European countries, Am J Public Health, 90, 1403, 10.2105/AJPH.90.9.1403
Tazi-Preve, 2004, Gender trouble and its impact on fertility intentions, Yearb Popul Res Fin, 40, 5, 10.23979/fypr.44996
te Velde, 2002, The variability of female reproductive ageing, Hum Reprod Update, 8, 141, 10.1093/humupd/8.2.141
Testa, 2007, Childbearing preferences and family issues in Europe: evidence from the Eurobarometer 2006 survey, Vienna Yearb Popul Res, 357, 10.1553/populationyearbook2007s357
Tough, 2007, Factors influencing childbearing decisions and knowledge of perinatal risks among Canadian men and women, Matern Child Health J, 11, 189, 10.1007/s10995-006-0156-1
United Nations, 2008, World Population Policies 2007
Van Bavel, 2010, Choice of study discipline and the postponement of motherhood in Europe: the impact of expected earnings, gender composition and family attitudes, Demography, 47, 439, 10.1353/dem.0.0108
Van de Kaa, 1987, Europe's second demographic transition, Popul Bul, 42, 1
VID, 2010, European Demographic Datasheet
Voydanoff, 1988, Work role characteristics, family structure demands and work–family conflict, J Mar Fam, 50, 749, 10.2307/352644
Westoff, 2009, Relationships between men's gender attitudes and fertility: response to Puur et al.'s ‘Men's childbearing desires and views of the male role in Europe at the dawn of the 21st century, Dem Res, 21, 65, 10.4054/DemRes.2009.21.3
Whittington, 1992, Taxes and the family: the impact of the tax exemption for dependents on marital fertility, Demography, 29, 215, 10.2307/2061728
Wood, 1989, Fecundity and natural fertility in humans, Reviews of Reproductive Biology, 61
Wu, 2005, Repartnering after first union disruption, J Mar Fam, 67, 27, 10.1111/j.0022-2445.2005.00003.x
Zabel, 2009, Eligibility for maternity leave and first birth timing in Great Britain, J Popul Res Policy Rev, 28, 251, 10.1007/s11113-008-9098-1