Why Influenza Viruses Continue to Pose a Significant Threat to Aging and Aged Populations Worldwide
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Aspinall R, Lang PO. The avalanche is coming … and just now it’s starting to snow. Front Immunol. 2013;4:165. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00165 .
Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS. Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: implications of pandemic influenza preparedness. J Infect Dis. 2008;198:962–70.
Dorrington MG, Bowdish DME, Dorrington MG, Bowdish DME. Immunosenescence and novel vaccine strategies for the elderly. Front Immunol. 2013;4:171. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00171 .
Lang PO, Govind S, Mitchell WA, Siegrist CA, Aspinall R. Vaccine effectiveness in older individuals: what has been learned from the influenza-vaccine experience. Ageing Res Rev. 2011;10:389–95. This article is a comprehensive review of influenza vaccine effectiveness and how immune factors influence the measurement of vaccine efficacy/effectiveness in the aged population.
Reichert TA, Simonsen L, Sharma A, Pardo SA, Fedson DS, Miller MA. Influenza and the winter increase in mortality in the United States, 1959-1999. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160:492–502.
Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N, Anderson LJ, et al. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. JAMA. 2003;289:179–86.
Glezen PW, Greenberg SB, Atmar RL, Piedra PA, Couch RB. Impact of respiratory virus infections on persons with chronic underlying conditions. JAMA. 2000;283:499–505.
Kostova D, Reed C, Finelli L, Cheng PY, Gargiullo PM, Shay DK, et al. Influenza illness and hospitalizations averted by influenza vaccination in the United States, 2005-2011. PLoS One. 2013;8:e66312.
Goveart TM, Thijs CT, Masurel N, Sprenger MJ, Dinant GJ, Knottnerus JA. The efficacy of influenza vaccination in the elderly individuals. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. JAMA. 1994;272:1961–5. This randomized controlled trial was first to underline the poorer influenza vaccine effectiveness in population aged over 60.
Ferdinands JM, Gargiullo P, Haber M, Moore M, Belongia EA, Shay DK. Inactivated influenza vaccines for prevention of community-acquired pneumonia: the limits of using nonspecific outcomes in vaccine effectiveness studies. Epidemiology. 2013;24:530–7.
Kissling E, Valenciano M, Larrauri A, Oroszi B, Cohen JM, Nunes B, et al. Low and decreasing vaccine effectiveness against influenza A(H3) in 2011/12 among vaccination target groups in Europe: results from the I-MOVE multicentre case-control study. Euro Surveill 2013: 18.
Manzoli L, Ioannidis JP, Flacco ME, De Vito C, Villari P. Effectiveness and harms of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines in children, adults and elderly: a critical review and re-analysis of 15 meta-analyses. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2012;8:851–62.
Lang PO, Mendes A, Socquet J, Assir N, Govind S, Aspinall R. Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in aging and older adults: comprehensive analysis of the evidence. Clin Interv Aging. 2012;7:55–64. This article presents the major bias that fraught the accurate assessment of influenza vaccine benefits from observational studies.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Interim adjusted estimates of seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness - United States, February 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62:119–23.
Ohmit SE, Petrie JG, Malosh RE, Cowling BJ, Thompson MG, Shay DK, et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in the community and the household. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:1363–9.
Jefferson T, Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Bawazeer GA, Al-Ansary, Ferroni E. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007: Apr 18(2): CD001269.
Jefferson T, Di Pietrantonj C, Al-Ansary LA, Ferroni E, Thorning S, Thomas RE. Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010: Feb 17(2): CD004876. This meta-analysis of 75 studies highlights that the current evidence is still of poor quality and provides no guidance regarding the safety, efficacy or effectiveness of influenza vaccines for people aged 65 years or older.
Jefferson T, Rivetti D, Rivetti A, Rudin M, Di Pietrantonj C, Demicheli V. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly people: a systematic review. Lancet. 2005;366(9492):1165–74.
Osterholm MT, Kelley NS, Sommer A, Belongia EA. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;12:36–44.
Rivetti D, Jefferson T, Thomas R, Rudin M, Rivetti A, Di Pietrantonj C, et al. Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006: Jul 19(3): CD004876.
Gross PA, Hermogenes AW, Sacks HS, Lau J, Levandowski RA. The efficacy of influenza vaccine in elderly persons. A meta-analysis and review of the literature. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123(7):518–27.
Vu T, Farish S, Jenkins M, Kelly H. A meta-analysis of effectiveness of influenza vaccine in persons aged 65 years and over living in the community. Vaccine. 2002;20(13–14):1831–6.
Michiels B, Govaerts F, Remmen R, Vermeire E, Coenen S. A systematic review of the evidence on the effectiveness and risks of inactivated influenza vaccines in different target groups. Vaccine. 2011;29:9159–70.
Lang PO, Aspinall R. Immunosenescence and herd immunity: with an ever-increasing aging population do we need to rethink vaccine schedules? Expert Rev Vaccines. 2012;11:167–76. This review article details positive and adverse effects of herd immunity in protecting vulnerable populations.
Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Understanding immunosenescence to improve responses to vaccines. Nat Immunol. 2013;14:428–36. This review article provides an in-depth review of the mechanisms of immunosenescence.
Wikby A, Mansson IA, Johansson B, Strindhall J, Nilsson SE. The immune risk profile is associated with age and gender: findings from three Swedish population studies of individuals 20–100 years of age. Biogerontology. 2008;9:299–308.
Strindhall J, Nilsson BO, Lofgren S, et al. No immune risk profile among individuals who reach 100 years of age: findings from the Swedish NONA immune longitudinal study. Exp Gerontol. 2007;42:753–61.
Wikby A, Ferguson F, Forsey R, et al. An immune risk phenotype, cognitive impairment, and survival in very late life: impact of allo-static load in Swedish octogenarian and nonagenarian humans. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60:556–65.
Ligthart GJ, Corberand JX, Fournier C, et al. Admission criteria for immunogerontological studies in man: the SENIEUR protocol. Mech Ageing Dev. 1984;28:47–55.
Shaw AC, Panda A, Joshi SR, Qian F, Allore HG, Montgomery RR. Dysregulation of human toll-like receptor function in aging. Ageing Res Rev. 2011;10(3):346–53.
Panda A, Quian F, Mohanty S, van Duin D, Newman FK, Zhang L, et al. Age-associated decrease in TLR function in primary human dendritic cells predicts influenza vaccine response. J Immunol. 2010;184:2518–27.
Arnold CR, Wolf J, Brunner S, Herndler-Brandstetter D, Grubeck-Loebenstein B. Gain and loss of T-cell subsets in old age – age-related reshaping of the T-cell repertoire. J Clin Immunol. 2011;31:137–46.
Scholz JL, Diaz A, Riley RL, Cancro MP, Frasca D. A comparative review of aging and B cell functions in mice and humans. Curr Opin Immunol. 2013;25:504–10.
Boyd SD, Liu Y, Wang C, Martin V, Dunn-Walters DK. Human lymphocyte repertoire in ageing. Curr Opin Immunol. 2013;25:511–5.
Siegrist CA, Aspinall R. B-cell responses to vaccination at the extreme of age. Nat Immunol. 2009;9:185–93.
Shaw AC, Joshi S, Greenwood H, Panda A, Lord JM. Aging of the innate immune system. Curr Opin Immunol. 2010;22:507–13.
Camous X, Pera A, Solana R, Larbi A. NK cells in healthy aging and age-associated diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:195956.
Lambert ND, Ovsyannikova IG, Pankratz VS, Jacobson RM, Poland GA. Understanding the immune response to seasonal influenza vaccination in older adults: a systems biology approach. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2012;11:985–94.
McElhaney JE, Zhou X, Talbot HK, Soethout E, Bleackley RC, Granville DJ, et al. The unmet need in the elderly: how immunosenescence, CMV infection, co-morbidities and frailty are a challenge for the development of more effective influenza vaccines. Vaccine. 2012;30:2060–7.
Montecino-Rodriguez E, Berent-Maoz B, Dorshkind K. Causes, consequences and reversal of immune system aging. J Clin Invest. 2013;123:958–65.
Govind S, Lapenna A, Lang PO, Aspinall R. Immunotherapy of immunosenescence: who, how and when. Open Longev Sci. 2012;6:56–63.
Moxon ER, Siegrist CA. The next decade of vaccines: societal and scientific challenges. Lancet. 2011;378:348–59. This article reviews the contributions of immunization to improvement of global health, with specific attention to the major scientific and societal challenges for the development of safe and effective vaccines in the next decades.
Hobson D, Curry RL, Beare AS, Ward-Gardner A. The role of serum haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody in protection against challenge infection with influenza A2 and B virus. J Hyg (Lond). 1972;70:767–77.
Hannoun C, Megas F, Piercy J. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of influenza vaccination. Virus Res. 2004;103:133–8.
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: interim recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62:356.
Lang PO, Govind S, ten Bokum A, Kenny N, Matas E, Pitts D, et al. Immune senescence and vaccination in the elderly. Curr Top Med Chem. 2013;13:2541–50.
McCullers JA, Van De Velde LA, Allison KJ, Branum KC, Webby RJ, Flynn PM. Recipients of vaccine against the 1976 "swine flu" have enhanced neutralization responses to the 2009 novel H1N1 influenza virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:1487–92.
Sasaki S, Sullivan M, Narvaez CF, Holmes TH, Furman D, Zheng NY, et al. Limited efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccine in elderly individuals is associated with decreased production of vaccine-specific antibodies. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(8):3109–19.
Sasaki S, Jaimes MC, Holmes TH, Dekker CL, Mahmood K, Kemble GW, et al. Comparison of the influenza virus-specific effector and memory B-cell responses to immunization of children and adults with live attenuated or inactivated influenza virus vaccines. J Virol. 2007;81:215–28.
Wrammert J, Smith K, Miller J, Langley WA, Kokko K, Larsen C, et al. Rapid cloning of high-affinity human monoclonal antibodies against influenza virus. Nature. 2008;453:667–71.
Arulanandam BP, Raeder RH, Nedrud JG, Bucher DJ, Le J, Metzger DW. IgA immunodeficiency leads to inadequate Th cell priming and increased susceptibility to influenza virus infection. J Immunol. 2001;166:226–31.
Monsalvo AC, Batalle JP, Lopez MF, Krause JC, Klemenc J, Hernandez JZ, et al. Severe pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza disease due to pathogenic immune complexes. Nat Med. 2011;17:195–9.
Lang PO, Govind S, Mitchell WA, Kenny N, Lapenna A, Pitts D, et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in aged individuals: the role played by cell-mediated immunity. Eur Geriatr Med. 2010;1:233–8.
Seder RA, Darrah PA, Roederer M. T-cell quality in memory and protection: implications for vaccine design. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8:247–58.
Wagar LE, Gentleman B, Pircher H, McElhaney JE, Watts TH. Influenza-specific T cells from older people are enriched in the late effector subset and their presence inversely correlates with vaccine response. PLoS One. 2011;6:e23698.
Wagar LE, Rosella L, Crowcroft N, Lowcock B, Drohomyrecky PC, Foisy J, et al. Humoral and cell-mediated immunity to pandemic H1N1 influenza in a Canadian cohort one year post-pandemic: implications for vaccination. PLoS One. 2011;6:e28063.
Vandergrift KJ, Sokolow SH, Daszak P, Kilpatrick AM. Ecology of avian influenza viruses in a changing world. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1195:113–28.
Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ. Global concerns regarding novel influenza A (H7N9) virus infections. N Eng J Med. 2013;368:1862–4.
Belz GT, Wodarz D, Diaz G, Nowak MA, Doherty PC. Compromised influenza virus-specific CD8(+)-T-cell memory in CD4(+)-T-cell-deficient mice. J Virol. 2002;76:12388–93.
Greenbaum JA, Kotturi MF, Kim Y, Oseroff C, Vaughan K, Salimi N, et al. Pre-existing immunity against swine-origin H1N1 influenza viruses in the general human population. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:20365–70.
Bonduelle O, Yahia N, Siberil S, Benhabiles N, Carrat F, Krivine A, et al. Longitudinal and integrative biomodeling of effector and memory immune compartments after inactivated influenza vaccination. J Immunol. 2013;191:623–31.
Lang PO, Bonduelle O, Benhabiles N, Combadiere B. Prior contacts with the 2000–2003 seasonal vaccines extends the 2009 pandemic A/H1N1 vaccine-specific immune protection to non-humoral compartments. Eur Geriatric Med. IN PRESS
Wrammert JKD, Li GM, Edupuganti S, Sui J, et al. Broadly cross-reactive antibodies dominate the human B cell response against 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection. J Exp Med. 2011;208:181–93.
Liu J, Wu B, Zhang S, Tan S, Sun Y, Chen Z, et al. Conserved epitopes dominate cross-CD8+ T-cell responses against influenza A H1N1 virus among Asian population. Eur J Immunol. 2013;43:2055–69.
Lelic A, Verschoor CP, Ventresca M, Parsons R, Evelegh C, Bowdish D, et al. The polyfunctionality of human memory CD8+ T cells elicited by acute and chronic virus infections is not influenced by age. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8:e1003076.
Olivieri F, Rippo MR, Prattichizzo F, Babini L, Graciotti L, Recchioni R, et al. Toll like receptor signaling in "inflammaging": microRNA as new players. Immun Ageing. 2013;10:11.
Dewan SK, Zheng SB, Xia SJ, Bill K. Senescent remodeling of the immune system and its contribution to the predisposition of the elderly to infections. Chin Med J (Engl). 2012;125:3325–31.
Lang PO, Govind S, Aspinall R. Reversing T cell immunosenescence: why, who, and how. Age (Dordr). 2013;35:609–20.
Frasca D, Diaz A, Romera M, Landin AM, Blomberg BB. Age effects on B cells and humoral immunity in humans. Ageing Res Rev. 2011;10:330–5.
Weinberger B, Herndler-Brandstetter D, Schwanninger A, Weiskopf D, Grubeck-Loebenstein B. Biology of immune responses to vaccines in elderly persons. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:1078–84.
Lang PO, Govind S, Michel JP, Aspinall R, Mitchell WA. Immunosenescence: implications for vaccination programmes in adults. Maturitas. 2011;68:322–30.
Skowronski DM, Tweed SA, De Serres G. Rapid decline of influenza vaccine-induced antibody in the elderly: is it real, or is it relevant? J Infect Dis. 2008;197:490–502.
Miller E, Hoschler K, Hardelid P, Stanford E, Andrews N, Zambon M. Incidence of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 infection in England: a cross-sectional serological study. Lancet. 2010;375:1100–8.
Feng J, Gulati U, Zhang X, Keitel WA, Thompson DM, James JA, et al. Antibody quantity versus quality after influenza vaccination. Vaccine. 2009;27:6358–62.
Sasaki S, He XS, Holmes TH, Dekker CL, Kemble GW, Arvin AM, et al. Influence of prior influenza vaccination on antibody and B-cell responses. PLoS One. 2008;3:e2975.
He XS, Holmes TH, Sasaki S, Jaimes MC, Kemble GW, Dekker CL, et al. Baseline levels of influenza-specific CD4 memory T-cells affect T-cell responses to influenza vaccines. PLoS One. 2008;3:e2574.
Orsi A, Ansaldi F, de Florentiis D, Ceravolo A, Parodi V, Canepa P, et al. Cross-protection against drifted influenza viruses: options offered by adjuvanted and intradermal vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013: Jan 7;9(3).
Ansaldi F, Zancolli M, Durando P, Montomoli E, Sticchi L, Del Giudice G, et al. Antibody response against heterogeneous circulating influenza virus strains elicited by MF59- and non-adjuvanted vaccines during seasons with good or partial matching between vaccine strain and clinical isolates. Vaccine. 2010;28:4123–9.
Yu M, Li G, Lee WW, Yuan M, Cui D, Weyand CM, et al. Signal inhibition by the dual-specific phosphatase 4 impairs T cell-dependent B-cell responses with age. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(15):E879–88.
Haynes L, Eaton S. The effect of age on the cognate function of CD4+ T cells. Immunol Rev. 2005;205:220–8.
Lang PO. Inactivated influenza vaccines: pre-vaccination haemagglutinin-antibody titres influence the vaccine response but not necessarily the vaccine effectiveness. Drugs Aging. 2011;28(6):505.
Yu X, Tsibane T, McGraw PA, House FS, Keefer CJ, Hicar MD, et al. Neutralizing antibodies derived from the B cells of 1918 influenza pandemic survivors. Nature. 2008;455:532–56.
Prymula R, Siegrist CA, Chlibek R, Zemlickova H, Vackova M, Smetana J, et al. Effect of prophylactic paracetamol administration at time of vaccination on febrile reactions and antibody responses in children: two open-label, randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2009;374(9698):1339–50.
Parodi V, de Florentiis D, Martini M, Ansaldi F. Inactivated influenza vaccines: recent progress and implications for the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2011;28:93–106.
Dreyfus C, Laursen NS, Kwaks T, Zuijdgeest D, Khayat R, Ekiert DC, et al. Highly conserved protective epitopes on influenza B viruses. Science. 2012;337:1343–8.
World Health Organization (WHO). Initiative for Vaccine research (IVR) of the Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. Report of the ad-hoc Consultation on Ageing and Immunization. 21-23 March 2011 - WHO/IVR/11.10. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO); 2011.
Fulop T, Larbi A, Witkowski JM, McElhaney J, Loeb M, Mitnitski A, et al. Aging, frailty and age-related diseases. Biogerontology. 2010;11:547–63.
Pae M, Meydani SN, Wu D. The role of nutrition in enhancing immunity in aging. Aging Dis. 2012;3:91.129.
Lang PO, Samaras N, Samaras D, Aspinall R. How important is vitamin D in preventing infections? Osteoporos Int. 2012;24:1537–53. This article is a comprehensive review of how serum vitamine D level may interfere with immune response with a particular emphasis on protection to influenza infections and vaccine response.
Kelley KW, Weigent DA, Kooijman R. Protein hormones and immunity. Brain Behav Immun. 2007;21:384–92.
Antrobus RD, Berthoud TK, Mullarkey CE, Hoschler K, Coughlan L, Zambon M, et al. Coadministration of seasonal influenza vaccine and MVA-NP + M1 simultaneously achieves potent humoral and cell-mediated responses. Mol Ther. 2013. doi: 10.1038/mt.2013.162 .
Riese P, Schulze K, Ebensen T, Prochnow B, Guzman C. Vaccine adjuvants: key tools for innovative vaccine design. Curr Top Med Chem. 2013;13:2562–80.
Rose MA, Zielen S, Baumann U. Mucosal immunity and nasal influenza vaccination. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2013;11:595–607.
Fox CB, Haensler J. An update on safety and immunogenicity of vaccines containing emulsion-based adjuvants. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2013;12:747–58.
Scheifele DW, McNeil SA, Ward BJ, Dionne M, Cooper C, Coleman B, et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and tolerability of three influenza vaccines in older adults: results of a randomized, controlled comparison. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013: Jul 9;9(11).
Baluch A, Humar A, Eurich D, Egli A, Liacini A, Hoschler K, et al. Randomized controlled trial of high-dose intradermal versus standard-dose intramuscular influenza vaccine in organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:1026–33.
Baeyens JP, Lang PO, Michel JP. Willingness to vaccinate and to be vaccinated in adults. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2009;21:244–9.
Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM. Application of pharmacogenomics to vaccines. Pharmacogenomics. 2009;10:837–52.
Sette A, Rappuoli R. Reverse vaccinology: developing vaccines in the era of genomics. Immunity. 2010;33:530–41.
Mitchell WA, Lang PO, Aspinall R. Tracing thymic output in older individuals. Clin Exp Immunol. 2010;161:497–503.
Douek DC, McFarland RD, Keiser PH, et al. Changes in thymic function with age and during the treatment of HIV infection. Nature. 1998;396:690–5.
Lang PO, Mitchell WA, Govind S, Aspinall R. Real time-PCR assay estimating the naive T-cell pool in whole blood and dried blood spot samples: Pilot study in young adults. J Immunol Methods. 2011;369:133–40.
Poland GA, Belmin J, Langley J, Michel JP, Van Damme P, Wicker S. A global prescription for adult immunization: time is catching up with us. Vaccine. 2010;28:7137–9.
Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M146–56.
Yao X, Hamilton RG, Weng NP, Xue QL, Bream JH, Li H, et al. Frailty is associated with impairment of vaccine-induced antibody response and increase in post-vaccination influenza infection in community-dwelling older adults. Vaccine. 2011;29:5015–21.
Lang PO, Michel JP, Zekry D. Frailty syndrome: a transitional state in a dynamic process. Gerontology. 2009;55:539–49.
Rockwood K, Stolee P, McDowell I. Factors associated with institutionalization of older people in Canada: testing a multifacto-rial definition of frailty. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44:578–82.
Rockwood K, Mitnitski A. Frailty in relation to the accumulation of deficits. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62:722–7.
Rockwood K, Mitnitski A. Frailty defined by deficit accumulation and geriatric medicine defined by frailty. Clin Geriatr Med. 2011;27:17–26.
Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, et al. Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd. Science 1995 Jul 28;269(5223):496-512), 1995: 269: 496-512.
Altindis E. Antibacterial vaccine research in 21st century: from inoculation to genomic approaches. Curr Top Med Chem. 2013;13(20):2533–4.