Which Income Inequality Influences Which Health Indicators? Analysis of the Income Inequality Hypothesis with Market and Disposable Gini Indicators

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 146 - Trang 473-485 - 2019
Ki-tae Kim1
1Korea Institute of Health and Social Affairs, Sejong-si, South Korea

Tóm tắt

Recent cross-national health studies growingly refute the income inequality hypothesis on the relationship between income inequality and aggregate health after adjusting for control variables with updated international datasets. Few of them, however, use a market income inequality indicator as an independent variable. While the latter measures the exact amounts pocketed by each individual, the former could be related to an individual’s social or economic status. The pooled TSCS regression for the selected 26 industrialized nations over 1995–2010 test the hypothesis with three different income inequality indicators: disposable and market income Gini and ‘tax and transfer effect’. We used the OECD dataset. The disposable income inequality does not have a statistically significant relationship with any of the health indicators except for infant mortality. The market income Gini does have a statistically significant association only with female life expectancy. The relationship between income inequality indicators and health outcomes are dynamic and not consistent.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Avendano, M., & Hessel, P. (2015). The income inequality hypothesis rejected? European Journal of Epidemiology,30(8), 595–598. Bambra, C. (2011). Work, worklessness and the political economy of health inequalities. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,65(9), 746–750. Beck, N., & Katz, J. N. (2004). Time-series-cross-section issues: Dynamics, 2004. In Annual meeting of the society for political methodology. Stanford University. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jonathan_Katz5/publication/228723029_Time-series-cross-section_issues_dynamics_2004/links/0912f50cfa0073bdcb000000.pdf. Accessed 25 Sept 2016. Beckfield, J. (2004). Does income inequality harm health? New cross-national evidence. Journal of Health and Social Behavior,45(3), 231–248. Bjørnskov, C., Dreher, A., Fischer, J. A. V., Schnellenbach, J., & Gehring, K. (2013). Inequality and happiness: When perceived social mobility and economic reality do not match. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,91, 75–92. Blakely, T., Atkinson, J., & O’Dea, D. (2003). No association of income inequality with adult mortality within New Zealand: a multi-level study of 1.4 million 25–64 year olds. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,57(4), 279–284. Chung, H., & Muntaner, C. (2007). Welfare state matters: A typological multilevel analysis of wealthy countries. Health Policy,80(2), 328–339. Corneo, G. (2011). Income inequality, value systems, and macro economic performance (GINI Discussion Paper No. 17). Amsterdam. Detollenarere, J., Desmarest, A. S., Boeckxstaens, P., & Willems, S. (2018). The link between income inequality and health in Europe, adding strength dimensions of primary care to the equation. Social Science and Medicine,201, 103–110. Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three worlds of welfare capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press. Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B., Rolph, E. A., & Tatham, R. L. (2005). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson. Jank, W., & Shmueli, G. (2004). Statistics methods in e-commerce research (statistics in practice). New Jersey: Wiley. Joumard, I., Pisu, M., & Bloch, D. (2012). Tackling income inequality: The role of taxes and transfers. OECD Journal: Economic Studies,2012(1), 37–70. Kashin, K. (2014). Package’panelAR. Retrieved from http://cran-mirror.cs.uu.nl/web/packages/panelAR/panelAR.pdf. Kawachi, I., & Kennedy, B. P. (1997). The relationship of income inequality to mortality: Does the choice of indicator matter? Social Science and Medicine,45(7), 1121–1127. Kim, K.-T. (2017). The relationship between income inequality, welfare regimes and aggregate health: a systematic review. European Journal of Public Health,27(3), 397–404. Le Grand, J. (1987). Inequalities in health: Some international comparisons. European Economic Review,31(1–2), 182–191. Leigh, A., & Jencks, C. (2007). Inequality and mortality: Long-run evidence from a panel of countries. Journal of Health Economics,26(1), 1–24. Lynch, J. W., Davey Smith, G., Kaplan, G. A., & House, J. S. (2000). Income inequality and mortality: importance to health of individual income, psychosocial environment, or material conditions. BMJ,320(7328), 1200–1204. Lynch, J., Smith, G. D., Harper, S., Hillemeier, M., Ross, N., Kaplan, G. A., et al. (2004). Is income inequality a determinant of population health? Part 1. A Systematic Review. Milbank Quarterly,82(1), 5–99. Lynch, J., Smith, G. D., Hillemeier, M., Shaw, M., Raghunathan, T., & Kaplan, G. (2001). Income inequality, the psychosocial environment, and health: Comparisons of wealthy nations. The Lancet,358(9277), 194–200. Macinko, J. A., Shi, L. Y., & Starfield, B. (2004). Wage inequality, the health system, and infant mortality in wealthy industrialized countries, 1970–1996. Social Science and Medicine,58(2), 279–292. Mackenbach, J. P. (2002). Income inequality and population health. BMJ : British Medical Journal,324(7328), 1–2. Marmot, M., & Bobak, M. (2000). International comparators and poverty and health in Europe. BMJ: British Medical Journal,321(7269), 1124–1128. Marmot, M., & Wilkinson, R. G. (2001). Psychosocial and material pathways in the relation between income and health: a response to Lynch et al. BMJ: British Medical Journal,322(7296), 1233–1236. Mcisaac, S. J., & Wilkinson, R. G. (1997). Income distribution and cause-specific mortality. The European Journal of Public Health,7(1), 45–53. Mellor, J. M., & Milyo, J. (2001). Reexamining the evidence of an ecological association between income inequality and health. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law,26(3), 487–522. Muntaner, C., Lynch, J. W., Hillemeier, M., Lee, J. H., David, R., Benach, J., et al. (2002). Economic inequality, working-class power, social capital, and cause-specific mortality in wealthy countries. International Journal of Health Services,32(4), 629–656. Nowatzki, N. R. (2012). Wealth inequality and health: A political economy perspective. International Journal of Health Services,42(3), 403–424. OECD. (2013). Education at a glance 2013: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing. OECD (2015) OECD.Stat homepage. Retrieved from http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=PDB_LV. Accessed 18 Aug 2016. Plümper, T., & Troeger, V. E. (2007). Efficient estimation of time-invariant and rarely changing variables in finite sample panel analyses with unit fixed effects. Political Analysis,15(2), 124–139. Plümper, T., Troeger, V. E., & Manow, P. (2005). Panel data analysis in comparative politics: Linking method to theory. European Journal of Political Research,44(2), 327–354. Pop, I. A., van Ingen, E., & van Oorschot, W. (2013). Inequality, wealth and health: Is decreasing income inequality the key to create healthier societies? Social Indicators Research,113(3), 1025–1043. Ram, R. (2006). Further examination of the cross-country association between income inequality and population health. Social Science and Medicine,62(3), 779–791. Rodgers, G. B. (1979). Income and inequality as determinants of mortality: An international cross-section analysis. Population Studies,33(2), 343–351. Ross, N. A., Dorling, D., Dunn, J. R., Henriksson, G., Glover, J., Lynch, J., et al. (2005). Metropolitan-income inequality and working-age mortality: A cross-sectional analysis using comparable data from five countries. Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine,82(1), 101–110. Rowlingson, K. (2011). Does income inequality cause health and social problems? Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Saunders, P. (1996). Poverty, income distribution and health: An Australian study. Sydney: Social Policy Research Centre. Saunders, P. (2010). Beware false prophets: Equality, the good society and the spirit level. Retrieved November 20, 2012, from http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/publications/category/item/beware-false-prophets-equality-the-good-society-and-the-spirit-level. Solt, F. (2014). The Standardized World Income Inequality Database, SWIID Version 5.0. Subramanian, S. V., & Kawachi, I. (2004). Income inequality and health: what have we learned so far? Epidemiologic Reviews,26(1), 78–91. Torre, R., & Myrskylä, M. (2014). Income inequality and population health: An analysis of panel data for 21 developed countries, 1975–2006. Population Studies,68(1), 1–13. WHO (World Health Organisation) (2015). Global health observatory data. Accessed on March 1, 2018 at http://www.who.int/gho/en/. Wilkinson, R. G. (1992a). Income distribution and life expectancy. BMJ: British Medical Journal,304(6820), 165–168. Wilkinson, R. G. (1992b). National mortality rates: the impact of inequality? American Journal of Public Health,82(8), 1082–1084. Wilkinson, R. G., Kawachi, I., & Kennedy, B. P. (1998). Mortality, the social environment, crime and violence. Sociology of Health & Illness,20(5), 578–597. Wilkinson, R. G., & Pickett, K. (2009). The spirit level: Why greater equality makes societies stronger. New York: Bloomsbury Press. Wu, J. C.-L., & Chiang, T.-L. (2007). Comparing child mortality in taiwan and selected industrialized countries. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association,106(2), 177–180. Zheng, H. (2012). Do people die from income inequality of a decade ago? Social Science and Medicine,75(1), 36–45.