When More is Better than Less; Three Theories of Psychosis—Projection, Double Bind, and Possession

International Journal of Family Therapy - Tập 20 - Trang 3-13 - 1998
Gerald H. Zuk1, Carmen V. Zuk2
1Santa Clarita
2Kaiser-Permanente, psychiatric clinic, Santa Clarita

Tóm tắt

Three psychological theories of psychosis are described, each of which has standing in psychiatry. Defined by the terms projection, double bind, and possession, they initially appear to have little or nothing in common to explain psychosis, but converge at four points: (1) A high degree of anxiety precipitated by a dilemma or conflict perceived to be unsolvable by the person; (2) the anxiety triggers a shift from one thought or motive in the direction of its opposite, because the original was believed too antagonistic to the wishes of significant others; (3) the opposite, in order to remain opposite, requires that the original thought or motive be forgotten, (4) a singular means to produce and reinforce forgetting is the interposition of psychiatric symptoms. In psychiatry today treatment would fit more consistently with the three theories taken as a whole rather than any one, and a rationale for this viewpoint is elaborated.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Abraham, K. (1953). Selected papers on psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books.

American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Bateson, G., Jackson, D. D., Haley, J., & Weakland, J. (1956) Towards a theory of schizophrenia. Behavioral Sciences, 1, 251–264.

Bodin, A. (1981). The interactional view: Family therapy approaches of the Mental Research Institute. In A. S. Gurman & D. P. Kniskern (Eds.), Handbook of family therapy (pp. 267–309). New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Ferenczi, S. (1922). On the part played by homosexuality in the pathogenesis of paranoia. In S. Ferenczi, Contributions to psychoanalysis (Trans. by E. Jones). Boston: Badger.

Freud, S. (1911). Psycho-analytic notes on an autobiographical account of a case of paranoia (dementia paranoides). In Standard edition of the complete works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 12 (trans. by J. Strachey, pp. 7–79). London: Hogarth (1953–1966).

Fromm-Reichmann, F. (1948). Notes on the development of schizophrenia in psychoanalyic psychotherapy. Psychiatry, 11 267–277.

Jackson, D. D. (1965). Family rules: The marital quid pro quo. Archives of General Psychiatry, 12, 589–594.

Jung, C. (1915). On psychological understanding. In C. Jung, The psychogenesis of mental illness. Bollingen Series 20. New York: Pantheon (1960).

Klein, M. (1946). Note on some schizoid mechanisms. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 27, 99–110.

Lathane, Z. (1992). In defense of Schreber: Soul murder and psychiatry. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.

Meissner, W. W. (1980). Theories of personality and psychopathology. In H. I. Kaplan, A. M. Friedman, & B. J. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (Vol. 1, 3rd ed.), (pp. 631–728). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

Mora, G. (1980). Historical and theoretical trends in psychiatry. In H. I. Kaplan, A. M. Friedman, & B. J. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (Vol. 1, 3rd ed.) (pp. 4–97). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

Niederland, W. G. (1974). The Schreber case: Psychoanalytic profile of a paranoid personality. Hillsdale, NJ: Quadrangle.

Piaget, J. (1963). The attainment of invariant and reversible operations in the development of thinking. Social Research, 30, 283–299.

Piaget, J. (1970). Structuralism. New York: Bantam Books.

Piaget, J., & Weil, A. M. (1951). The development in children of the idea of homeland and of relations with other countries. International Social Science Bulletin. 3, 561–578.

Rosen, J. (1953). Direct analysis. New York: Grune & Stratton.

Schatzman, M. (1973). Soul murder: Persecution in the family. New York: American Library.

Schreber, D. P. (1903). Denkwurdigkeiten eines nervenkranken nebst nachtrage und einem anhang unter die frage: “Unter welchen voraussetzungen darf fur geisteskcrank erachtete person gegen ihren erklarten willen in eine heilanstalt festgehalten werden?” Leipzig: Mutze.

Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: Norton.

Whitehead, A. N., & Russell, B. (1910–1913). Principia mathematica. (in 3 Vols.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Zuk, G. H. (1984). On the pathology of blaming. International Journal of Family Therapy, 6, 143–155.

Zuk, G. H. (1989). Learning to be possessed as a form of pathogenic relating and a cause of certain delusions. Contemporary Family Therapy, 11, 89–100.

Zuk, G. H., & Zuk, C. V. (1992). The logic of delusion. Contemporary Family Therapy, 14, 273–284.

Zuk, G. H., & Zuk, C. V. (1995). Freud's theory of paranoid delusion based on the Schreber case contrasted with related theories. Contemporary Family Therapy, 17, 209–216.