What makes Aspergillus fumigatus a successful pathogen? Genes and molecules involved in invasive aspergillosis

Revista Iberoamericana de Micología - Tập 27 - Trang 155-182 - 2010
Ana Abad1, Jimena Victoria Fernández-Molina1, Joseba Bikandi2, Andoni Ramírez1,2, Javier Margareto3, Javier Sendino4, Fernando Luis Hernando1, Jose Pontón5, Javier Garaizar2, Aitor Rementeria1
1Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, UPV/EHU, Campus de Bizkaia, Leioa, Spain
2Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, UPV/EHU, Campus de Alava, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
3Fundacion Leia, Parque Tecnológico de Alava, Miñano, Alava, Spain
4Departamento de Neurociencias, Facultad de Farmacia, UPV/EHU, Campus de Alava, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
5Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, UPV/EHU, Campus de Bizkaia, Leioa, Spain

Tài liệu tham khảo

Allergome, a platform for allergen knowledge [page on Internet]. Latina, Italy: Allergy Data Laboratories S.C. [updated March 24, 2010; referenced May 12, 2010] Available at: 〈http://www.allergome.org〉. Allergen nomenclature website [page on Internet]. The International Union of Immunological Societies (I.U.I.S.) Allergen Nomenclature Sub-committee, [updated May 5, 2010; referenced May 12, 2010]. Available at: 〈http://www.allergen.org〉. Al-Bader, 2010, The role of trehalose biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus development, stress response and virulence, Infect Immun, 78, 3007, 10.1128/IAI.00813-09 Albrecht, 2010, Integrative analysis of the heat shock response in Aspergillus fumigatus, BMC Genom, 11, 32, 10.1186/1471-2164-11-32 Alp, 2008, Investigation of extracellular elastase, acid proteinase and phospholipase activities as putative virulence factors in clinical isolates of Aspergillus species, J Basic Microbiol, 48, 331, 10.1002/jobm.200700349 Álvarez-Pérez, 2010, Sexuality and pathogenicity in Aspergillus fumigatus: is there any relationship?, Rev Iberoam Micol, 27, 1, 10.1016/j.riam.2009.11.005 Álvarez-Pérez, 2009, Mating type and invasiveness are significantly associated in Aspergillus fumigatus, Med Mycol, 48, 273, 10.3109/13693780903095414 Amich, 2009, Repression of the acid ZrfA/ZrfB zinc-uptake system of Aspergillus fumigatus mediated by PacC under neutral, zinc-limiting conditions, Int Microbiol, 12, 39 Amich, 2010, Aspergillus fumigatus survival in alkaline and extreme zinc-limiting environments relies on the induction of a zinc homeostasis system encoded by the zrfC and aspf2 genes, Eukaryot Cell, 9, 424, 10.1128/EC.00348-09 Amitani, 1995, Purification and characterization of factors produced by Aspergillus fumigatus which affect human ciliated respiratory epithelium, Infect Immun, 63, 3266, 10.1128/IAI.63.9.3266-3271.1995 Araujo, 2010, Genetic diversity of Aspergillus fumigatus in indoor hospital environments, Med Mycol, 48, 832, 10.3109/13693780903575360 Arruda, 1990, Aspergillus fumigatus allergen I, a major IgE-binding protein, is a member of the mitogillin family of cytotoxins, J Exp Med, 172, 1529, 10.1084/jem.172.5.1529 Askew, 2008, Aspergillus fumigatus: virulence genes in a street-smart mold, Curr Opin Microbiol, 11, 331, 10.1016/j.mib.2008.05.009 Aufauvre-Brown, 1997, Aspergillus fumigatus chsE: a gene related to CHS3 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and important for hyphal growth and conidiophore development but not pathogenicity, Fungal Genet Biol, 21, 141, 10.1006/fgbi.1997.0959 Baker, 2008, Aspergillus genomics and DHN-melanin conidial pigmentation, 73 Balibar, 2006, GliP, a multimodular nonribosomal peptide synthetase in Aspergillus fumigatus, makes the diketopiperazine scaffold of gliotoxin, Biochemistry, 45, 15029, 10.1021/bi061845b Balloy, 2009, The innate immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus, Microbes Infect, 11, 919, 10.1016/j.micinf.2009.07.002 Banerjee, 1998, Immunological characterization of Asp f 2, a major allergen from Aspergillus fumigatus associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, Infect Immun, 66, 5175, 10.1128/IAI.66.11.5175-5182.1998 Banerjee, 2003, Molecular biology of Aspergillus allergens, Front Biosci, 8, S128, 10.2741/982 Banerjee, 2001, Cloning and expression of Aspergillus fumigatus allergen Asp f 16 mediating both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), Clin Exp Allergy, 31, 761, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01076.x Beauvais, 2001, Membrane and cell wall targets in Aspergillus fumigatus, Drug Resist Updat, 4, 38, 10.1054/drup.2001.0185 Beauvais, 2005, Two alpha (1–3) glucan synthases with different functions in Aspergillus fumigatus, Appl Environ Microbiol, 71, 1531, 10.1128/AEM.71.3.1531-1538.2005 Beauvais, 1997, Biochemical and antigenic characterization of a new dipeptidyl-peptidase isolated from Aspergillus fumigatus, J Biol Chem, 272, 6238, 10.1074/jbc.272.10.6238 Beauvais, 1997, Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV secreted by Aspergillus fumigatus, a fungus pathogenic to humans, Infect Immun, 65, 3042, 10.1128/IAI.65.8.3042-3047.1997 Beauvais, 2007, An extracellular matrix glues together the aerial-grown hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus, Cell Microbiol, 9, 1588, 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00895.x Beffa, 1998, Mycological control and surveillance of biological waste and compost, Med Mycol, 36, 137 Behnsen, 2008, The opportunistic human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus evades the host complement system, Infect Immun, 76, 820, 10.1128/IAI.01037-07 Bellocchio, 2004, The contribution of the Toll-like/IL-1 receptor superfamily to innate and adaptive immunity to fungal pathogens in vivo, J Immunol, 172, 3059, 10.4049/jimmunol.172.5.3059 Ben-Ami, 2010, Pathogenesis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, 345 Bertout, 2002, Spore diffusate isolated from some strains of Aspergillus fumigatus inhibits phagocytosis by murine alveolar macrophages, FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 33, 101, 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2002.tb00578.x Bhabhra, 2005, Thermotolerance and virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus: role of the fungal nucleolus, Med Mycol, 43, S87, 10.1080/13693780400029486 Bhabhra, 2004, Disruption of the Aspergillus fumigatus gene encoding nucleolar protein CgrA impairs thermotolerant growth and reduces virulence, Infect Immun, 72, 4731, 10.1128/IAI.72.8.4731-4740.2004 Birch, 2004, Comparison of extracellular phospholipase activities in clinical and environmental Aspergillus fumigatus isolates, Med Mycol, 42, 81, 10.1080/13693780310001610029 Birch, 1996, Evidence of multiple extracellular phospholipase activities of Aspergillus fumigatus, Infect Immun, 64, 751, 10.1128/IAI.64.3.751-755.1996 Blanco, 2002, Correlation between the elastase activity index and invasiveness of clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus, J Clin Microbiol, 40, 1811, 10.1128/JCM.40.5.1811-1813.2002 Bok, 2005, LaeA, a regulator of morphogenetic fungal virulence factors, Eukaryot Cell, 4, 1574, 10.1128/EC.4.9.1574-1582.2005 Bok, 2006, GliZ, a transcriptional regulator of gliotoxin biosynthesis, contributes to Aspergillus fumigatus virulence, Infect Immun, 74, 6761, 10.1128/IAI.00780-06 Bok, 2004, LaeA, a regulator of secondary metabolism in Aspergillus spp, Eukaryot Cell, 3, 527, 10.1128/EC.3.2.527-535.2004 Bozza, 2002, Dendritic cells transport conidia and hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus from the airways to the draining lymph nodes and initiate disparate Th responses to the fungus, J Immunol, 168, 1362, 10.4049/jimmunol.168.3.1362 Brakhage, 2002, Menacing mold: the molecular biology of Aspergillus fumigatus, Annu Rev Microbiol, 56, 433, 10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160625 Brakhage, 1999, Pigment biosynthesis and virulence, Contrib Microbiol, 2, 205, 10.1159/000060296 Brakhage, 2005, Aspergillus fumigatus conidial pigment and cAMP signal transduction: significance for virulence, Med Mycol, 43, S75, 10.1080/13693780400028967 Brown, 2002, Dectin-1 is a major beta-glucan receptor on macrophages, J Exp Med, 196, 407, 10.1084/jem.20020470 Brown, 2000, Signature-tagged and directed mutagenesis identify PABA synthetase as essential for Aspergillus fumigatus pathogenicity, Mol Microbiol, 36, 1371, 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01953.x Bunger, 2004, Cytotoxicity of occupationally and environmentally relevant mycotoxins, Toxicology, 202, 199, 10.1016/j.tox.2004.05.007 Burnie, 2006, Fungal heat-shock proteins in human disease, FEMS Microbiol Rev, 30, 53, 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2005.00001.x Burns, 2005, Identification, cloning, and functional expression of three glutathione transferase genes from Aspergillus fumigatus, Fungal Genet Biol, 42, 319, 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.01.001 Calera, 1997, Cloning and disruption of the antigenic catalase gene of Aspergillus fumigatus, Infect Immun, 65, 4718, 10.1128/IAI.65.11.4718-4724.1997 Campa, 2008, DNA microarray based on arrayed-primer extension technique for identification of pathogenic fungi responsible for invasive and superficial mycoses, J Clin Microbiol, 46, 909, 10.1128/JCM.01406-07 Casadevall, 2005, Fungal virulence, vertebrate endothermy, and dinosaur extinction: is there a connection?, Fungal Genet Biol, 42, 98, 10.1016/j.fgb.2004.11.008 Casadevall, 2003, The damage–response framework of microbial pathogenesis, Nat Rev Microbiol, 1, 17, 10.1038/nrmicro732 Chabane, 2006, Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Ecm33p influences conidial cell wall biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus, Appl Environ Microbiol, 72, 3259, 10.1128/AEM.72.5.3259-3267.2006 Chai, 2009, Fungal strategies for overcoming host innate immune response, Med Mycol, 47, 227, 10.1080/13693780802209082 Chang, 2004, THTA, a thermotolerance gene of Aspergillus fumigatus, Fungal Genet Biol, 41, 888, 10.1016/j.fgb.2004.06.004 Chignard, 2007, Role of Toll-like receptors in lung innate defense against invasive aspergillosis. Distinct impact in immunocompetent and immunocompromized hosts, Clin Immunol, 124, 238, 10.1016/j.clim.2007.05.004 Chong, 2004, AFMP2 encodes a novel immunogenic protein of the antigenic mannoprotein superfamily in Aspergillus fumigatus, J Clin Microbiol, 42, 2287, 10.1128/JCM.42.5.2287-2291.2004 Clemons, 2002, Fos-1, a putative histidine kinase as a virulence factor for systemic aspergillosis, Med Mycol, 40, 259 Coyle, 2010, An old yellow enzyme gene that controls the branch point between Aspergillus fumigatus and Claviceps purpurea ergot alkaloid pathways, Appl Environ Microbiol, 76, 3898, 10.1128/AEM.02914-09 Coyle, 2007, Association of ergot alkaloids with conidiation in Aspergillus fumigatus, Mycologia, 99, 804, 10.3852/mycologia.99.6.804 Coyle, 2005, An ergot alkaloid biosynthesis gene and clustered hypothetical genes from Aspergillus fumigatus, Appl Environ Microbiol, 71, 3112, 10.1128/AEM.71.6.3112-3118.2005 Cramer, 2006, Disruption of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase in Aspergillus fumigatus eliminates gliotoxin production, Eukaryot Cell, 5, 972, 10.1128/EC.00049-06 Cramer, 2008, Calcineurin target CrzA regulates conidial germination, hyphal growth, and pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus, Eukaryot Cell, 7, 1085, 10.1128/EC.00086-08 Crameri, 2010, Overview of Aspergillus allergens, 655 Crameri, 1998, Recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus allergens: from the nucleotide sequences to clinical applications, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 115, 99, 10.1159/000023889 Cruz, 2002, Calcineurin is essential for survival during membrane stress in Candida albicans, EMBO J, 21, 546, 10.1093/emboj/21.4.546 Cyert, 2001, Genetic analysis of calmodulin and its targets in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Annu Rev Genet, 35, 647, 10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.091302 Da Silva Ferreira, 2007, Functional characterization of the Aspergillus fumigatus calcineurin, Fungal Genet Biol, 44, 219, 10.1016/j.fgb.2006.08.004 Da Silva Ferreira, 2006, Transcriptome analysis of Aspergillus fumigatus exposed to voriconazole, Curr Genet, 50, 32, 10.1007/s00294-006-0073-2 Dagenais, 2009, Pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus in invasive aspergillosis, Clin Microbiol Rev, 22, 447, 10.1128/CMR.00055-08 Del Palacio, 2007, Early diagnosis of invasive fungal infections caused by Aspergillus and other emerging mycelial fungi, Rev Iberoam Micol, 24, 187, 10.1016/S1130-1406(07)70042-6 Del Palacio, 2008, Detección de antígenos (ELISA: Platelia Aspergillus), 87 Del Palacio, 2003, Invasive aspergillosis, Rev Iberoam Micol, 20, 77 Del Poeta, 2000, Synergistic antifungal activities of bafilomycin A(1), fluconazole, and the pneumocandin MK-0991/caspofungin acetate (L-743,873) with calcineurin inhibitors FK506 and L-685,818 against Cryptococcus neoformans, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 44, 739, 10.1128/AAC.44.3.739-746.2000 D’Enfert, 1996, Attenuated virulence of uridine-uracil auxotrophs of Aspergillus fumigatus, Infect Immun, 64, 4401, 10.1128/IAI.64.10.4401-4405.1996 Dichtl, 2010, Farnesol misplaces tip-localized Rho proteins and inhibits cell wall integrity signaling in Aspergillus fumigatus, Mol Microbiol, 76, 1191, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07170.x Do, 2009, Exploring temporal transcription regulation structure of Aspergillus fumigatus in heat shock by state space model, BMC Genom, 10, 306, 10.1186/1471-2164-10-306 Dos Santos, 2003, Isolation and toxigenicity of Aspergillus fumigatus from moldy silage, Mycopathologia, 156, 133, 10.1023/A:1022996911563 Douglas, 2001, Fungal beta(1,3)-D-glucan synthesis, Med Mycol, 39, 55, 10.1080/mmy.39.1.55.66 Du, 2006, The role of the sakA (Hog1) and tcsB (sln1) genes in the oxidant adaptation of Aspergillus fumigatus, Med Mycol, 44, 211, 10.1080/13693780500338886 Duarte-Escalante, 2009, Population structure and diversity of the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from different sources and geographic origins, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 104, 427, 10.1590/S0074-02762009000300005 Eichner, 1986, The effect of gliotoxin upon macrophage function, Int J Immunopharmacol, 8, 789, 10.1016/0192-0561(86)90016-0 Ejzykowicz, 2009, The Aspergillus fumigatus transcription factor Ace2 governs pigment production, conidiation and virulence, Mol Microbiol, 72, 155, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06631.x Fang, 2010, Reduced expression of the O-mannosyltransferase 2 (AfPmt2) leads to deficient cell wall and abnormal polarity in Aspergillus fumigatus, Glycobiology, 20, 542, 10.1093/glycob/cwp206 Fang, 2009, Characterization of the Aspergillus fumigatus phosphomannose isomerase Pmi1 and its impact on cell wall synthesis and morphogenesis, Microbiology, 155, 3281, 10.1099/mic.0.029975-0 Fedorova, 2010, Comparative genomics of Aspergilli, 41 Ferreira, 2005, The ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, transporter genes, and azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus, Med Mycol, 43, S313, 10.1080/13693780400029114 Fluckiger, 2002, Comparison of the crystal structures of the human manganese superoxide dismutase and the homologous Aspergillus fumigatus allergen at 2-A resolution, J Immunol, 168, 1267, 10.4049/jimmunol.168.3.1267 Fortwendel, 2008, Aspergillus fumigatus RasA regulates asexual development and cell wall integrity, Eukaryot Cell, 7, 1530, 10.1128/EC.00080-08 Fortwendel, 2009, Differential effects of inhibiting chitin and 1,3-{beta}-D-glucan synthesis in ras and calcineurin mutants of Aspergillus fumigatus, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 53, 476, 10.1128/AAC.01154-08 Fortwendel, 2005, A fungus-specific ras homolog contributes to the hyphal growth and virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus, Eukaryot Cell, 4, 1982, 10.1128/EC.4.12.1982-1989.2005 Fradin, 2003, Stage-specific gene expression of Candida albicans in human blood, Mol Microbiol, 47, 1523, 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03396.x Frisvad, 2009, Metabolomics of Aspergillus fumigatus, Med Mycol, 47, S53, 10.1080/13693780802307720 Fujii, 2004, Hydrolytic polyketide shortening by ayg1p, a novel enzyme involved in fungal melanin biosynthesis, J Biol Chem, 279, 44613, 10.1074/jbc.M406758200 Fuller, 2009, Deletion of the protein kinase A regulatory subunit leads to deregulation of mitochondrial activation and nuclear duplication in Aspergillus fumigatus, Eukaryot Cell, 8, 271, 10.1128/EC.00391-08 García, 2006, Changes in the elastase activity and colonization ability of Aspergillus fumigatus after successive inoculations in mice, Rev Iberoam Micol, 23, 221, 10.1016/S1130-1406(06)70048-1 Gardiner, 2005, Bioinformatic and expression analysis of the putative gliotoxin biosynthetic gene cluster of Aspergillus fumigatus, FEMS Microbiol Lett, 248, 241, 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.05.046 Gardiner, 2005, The epipolythiodioxopiperazine (ETP) class of fungal toxins: distribution, mode of action, functions and biosynthesis, Microbiology, 151, 1021, 10.1099/mic.0.27847-0 Gastebois, 2009, Aspergillus fumigatus: cell wall polysaccharides, their biosynthesis and organization, Future Microbiol, 4, 583, 10.2217/fmb.09.29 Gehrke, 2010, Heptahelical receptors GprC and GprD of Aspergillus fumigatus are essential regulators of colony growth, hyphal morphogenesis and virulence, Appl Environ Microbiol, 76, 3989, 10.1128/AEM.00052-10 Glaser, 2009, Molecular and immunological characterization of Asp f 34, a novel major cell wall allergen of Aspergillus fumigatus, Allergy, 64, 1144, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02029.x Glaser, 2006, Analysis of the cross-reactivity and of the 1.5 A crystal structure of the Malassezia sympodialis Mala s 6 allergen, a member of the cyclophilin pan-allergen family, Biochem J, 396, 41, 10.1042/BJ20051708 Gravelat, 2008, In vivo analysis of Aspergillus fumigatus developmental gene expression determined by real-time reverse transcription-PCR, Infect Immun, 76, 3632, 10.1128/IAI.01483-07 Gravelat, 2010, Aspergillus fumigatus MedA governs adherence, host cell interactions and virulence, Cell Microbiol, 12, 473, 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01408.x Gross, 1999, Production of nitric oxide by rat alveolar macrophages stimulated by Cryptococcus neoformans or Aspergillus fumigatus, Med Mycol, 37, 151, 10.1080/j.1365-280X.1999.00209.x Grosse, 2008, Protein kinase A regulates growth, sporulation, and pigment formation in Aspergillus fumigatus, Appl Environ Microbiol, 74, 4923, 10.1128/AEM.00470-08 Grundmann, 2008, FtmPT2, an N-prenyltransferase from Aspergillus fumigatus, catalyses the last step in the biosynthesis of fumitremorgin B, Chembiochem, 9, 2059, 10.1002/cbic.200800240 Grundmann, 2005, Overproduction, purification and characterization of FtmPT1, a brevianamide F prenyltransferase from Aspergillus fumigatus, Microbiology, 151, 2199, 10.1099/mic.0.27962-0 Hebart, 2002, Analysis of T-cell responses to Aspergillus fumigatus antigens in healthy individuals and patients with hematologic malignancies, Blood, 100, 4521, 10.1182/blood-2002-01-0265 Hemmann, 1997, Allergens of Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida boidinii share IgE-binding epitopes, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 156, 1956, 10.1164/ajrccm.156.6.9702087 Hensel, 1998, The role of the Aspergillus fumigatus areA gene in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, Mol Gen Genet, 258, 553, 10.1007/s004380050767 Hissen, 2005, The Aspergillus fumigatus siderophore biosynthetic gene sidA, encoding L-ornithine N5-oxygenase, is required for virulence, Infect Immun, 73, 5493, 10.1128/IAI.73.9.5493-5503.2005 Hohl, 2007, Aspergillus fumigatus: principles of pathogenesis and host defense, Eukaryot Cell, 6, 1953, 10.1128/EC.00274-07 Holdom, 2000, Production and characterization of recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase and its recognition by immune human sera, J Clin Microbiol, 38, 558, 10.1128/JCM.38.2.558-562.2000 Hu, 2007, Essential gene identification and drug target prioritization in Aspergillus fumigatus, PLoS Pathog, 3, e24, 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030024 Ibrahim-Granet, 1997, The Aspergillus fumigatus mepB gene encodes an 82 kDa intracellular metalloproteinase structurally related to mammalian thimet oligopeptidases, Microbiology, 143, 2247, 10.1099/00221287-143-7-2247 Ibrahim-Granet, 2008, Methylcitrate synthase from Aspergillus fumigatus is essential for manifestation of invasive aspergillosis, Cell Microbiol, 10, 134 Ishibashi, 2004, The solubilization and biological activities of Aspergillus beta-(1→3)-D-glucan, FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 42, 155, 10.1016/j.femsim.2004.04.004 Jahn, 2000, Interaction of human phagocytes with pigmentless Aspergillus conidia, Infect Immun, 68, 3736, 10.1128/IAI.68.6.3736-3739.2000 Jahn, 1997, Isolation and characterization of a pigmentless-conidium mutant of Aspergillus fumigatus with altered conidial surface and reduced virulence, Infect Immun, 65, 5110, 10.1128/IAI.65.12.5110-5117.1997 Jahn, 2002, PKSP-dependent reduction of phagolysosome fusion and intracellular kill of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia by human monocyte-derived macrophages, Cell Microbiol, 4, 793, 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2002.00228.x Jaton-Ogay, 1994, Cloning and disruption of the gene encoding an extracellular metalloprotease of Aspergillus fumigatus, Mol Microbiol, 14, 917, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1994.tb01327.x Juvvadi, 2008, Calcineurin localizes to the hyphal septum in Aspergillus fumigatus: implications for septum formation and conidiophore development, Eukaryot Cell, 7, 1606, 10.1128/EC.00200-08 Kao, 1999, Molecular dissection of mitogillin reveals that the fungal ribotoxin are a family of natural genetically engineered ribonucleases, J Biol Chem, 274, 12576, 10.1074/jbc.274.18.12576 Kao, 1995, Fungal ribotoxins: a family of naturally engineered targeted toxins?, Biochem Cell Biol, 73, 1151, 10.1139/o95-124 Kato, 2009, Identification of cytochrome P450s required for fumitremorgin biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus, Chembiochem, 10, 920, 10.1002/cbic.200800787 Klich, 2006, Identification of clinically relevant aspergilli, Med Mycol, 44, 127, 10.1080/13693780600796546 Klionsky, 2008, Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes, Autophagy, 4, 151, 10.4161/auto.5338 Klionsky, 2003, A unified nomenclature for yeast autophagy-related genes, Dev Cell, 5, 539, 10.1016/S1534-5807(03)00296-X Knutsen, 2004, Increased sensitivity to IL-4 in cystic fibrosis patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, Allergy, 59, 81, 10.1046/j.1398-9995.2003.00129.x Kolattukudy, 1993, Evidence for possible involvement of an elastolytic serine protease in aspergillosis, Infect Immun, 61, 2357, 10.1128/IAI.61.6.2357-2368.1993 Kontoyiannis, 2003, Combination of caspofungin with inhibitors of the calcineurin pathway attenuates growth in vitro in Aspergillus species, J Antimicrob Chemother, 51, 313, 10.1093/jac/dkg090 Kozel, 1996, Activation of the complement system by pathogenic fungi, Clin Microbiol Rev, 9, 34, 10.1128/CMR.9.1.34 Krappmann, 2008, Pathogenicity determinants and allergens, 377 Krappmann, 2004, The Aspergillus fumigatus transcriptional activator CpcA contributes significantly to the virulence of this fungal pathogen, Mol Microbiol, 52, 785, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04015.x Kumagai, 1999, Cytotoxic activity and cytokine gene induction of Asp-hemolysin to murine macrophages, Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi, 40, 217, 10.3314/jjmm.40.217 Kumar, 1993, Isolation and characterization of a recombinant heat shock protein of Aspergillus fumigatus, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 91, 1024, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90215-2 Kupfahl, 2006, Deletion of the gliP gene of Aspergillus fumigatus results in loss of gliotoxin production but has no effect on virulence of the fungus in a low-dose mouse infection model, Mol Microbiol, 62, 292, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05373.x Kupfahl, 2008, Gliotoxin production by clinical and environmental Aspergillus fumigatus strains, Int J Med Microbiol, 298, 319, 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.04.006 Kurup, 1984, Interaction of Aspergillus fumigatus spores and pulmonary alveolar macrophages of rabbits, Immunobiology, 166, 53, 10.1016/S0171-2985(84)80143-6 Kurup, 2000, Selected recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus allergens bind specifically to IgE in ABPA, Clin Exp Allergy, 30, 988, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00837.x Kurup, 2002, Immunobiology of fungal allergens, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 129, 181, 10.1159/000066780 Kwon-Chung, 2009, Sexual reproduction in Aspergillus species of medical or economical importance: why so fastidious?, Trends Microbiol, 17, 481, 10.1016/j.tim.2009.08.004 Kwon-Chung, 2009, What do we know about the role of gliotoxin in the pathobiology of Aspergillus fumigatus?, Med Mycol, 47, S97, 10.1080/13693780802056012 Lai, 2002, cDNA cloning and immunological characterization of a newly identified enolase allergen from Penicillium citrinum and Aspergillus fumigatus, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 127, 181, 10.1159/000053862 Lamarre, 2007, Characterization of the SKN7 ortholog of Aspergillus fumigatus, Fungal Genet Biol, 44, 682, 10.1016/j.fgb.2007.01.009 Lamarre, 2008, Transcriptomic analysis of the exit from dormancy of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia, BMC Genom, 9, 417, 10.1186/1471-2164-9-417 Lambou, 2010, Functional analysis of the superoxide dismutase family in Aspergillus fumigatus, Mol Microbiol, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.07024.x Lamy, 1991, Secretion of a potential virulence factor, a fungal ribonucleotoxin, during human aspergillosis infections, Mol Microbiol, 5, 1811, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb01930.x Langfelder, 2002, A novel method used to delete a new Aspergillus fumigatus ABC transporter-encoding gene, Curr Genet, 41, 268, 10.1007/s00294-002-0313-z Langfelder, 1998, Identification of a polyketide synthase gene (pksP) of Aspergillus fumigatus involved in conidial pigment biosynthesis and virulence, Med Microbiol Immunol, 187, 79, 10.1007/s004300050077 Langfelder, 2003, Biosynthesis of fungal melanins and their importance for human pathogenic fungi, Fungal Genet Biol, 38, 143, 10.1016/S1087-1845(02)00526-1 Latge, 2007, The cell wall: a carbohydrate armour for the fungal cell, Mol Microbiol, 66, 279, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05872.x Latge, 2001, The pathobiology of Aspergillus fumigatus, Trends Microbiol, 9, 382, 10.1016/S0966-842X(01)02104-7 Latge, 1999, Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis, Clin Microbiol Rev, 12, 310, 10.1128/CMR.12.2.310 Latge, 1993, Cell wall antigens in Aspergillus fumigatus, Arch Med Res, 24, 269 Latge, 2005, Specific molecular features in the organization and biosynthesis of the cell wall of Aspergillus fumigatus, Med Mycol, 43, S15, 10.1080/13693780400029155 Lee, 1995, Molecular cloning of the cDNA and gene for an elastinolytic aspartic proteinase from Aspergillus fumigatus and evidence of its secretion by the fungus during invasion of the host lung, Infect Immun, 63, 3796, 10.1128/IAI.63.10.3796-3803.1995 Lessing, 2007, The Aspergillus fumigatus transcriptional regulator AfYap1 represents the major regulator for defense against reactive oxygen intermediates but is dispensable for pathogenicity in an intranasal mouse infection model, Eukaryot Cell, 6, 2290, 10.1128/EC.00267-07 Lewis, 2005, Detection of gliotoxin in experimental and human aspergillosis, Infect Immun, 73, 635, 10.1128/IAI.73.1.635-637.2005 Li, 2007, Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor is required in Aspergillus fumigatus for morphogenesis and virulence, Mol Microbiol, 64, 1014, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05709.x Liebmann, 2003, cAMP signaling in Aspergillus fumigatus is involved in the regulation of the virulence gene pksP and in defense against killing by macrophages, Mol Genet Genom, 269, 420, 10.1007/s00438-003-0852-0 Liebmann, 2004, Deletion of the Aspergillus fumigatus lysine biosynthesis gene lysF encoding homoaconitase leads to attenuated virulence in a low-dose mouse infection model of invasive aspergillosis, Arch Microbiol, 181, 378, 10.1007/s00203-004-0667-3 Liebmann, 2004, The cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase a network regulates development and virulence in Aspergillus fumigatus, Infect Immun, 72, 5193, 10.1128/IAI.72.9.5193-5203.2004 Linder, 2005, Hydrophobins: the protein-amphiphiles of filamentous fungi, FEMS Microbiol Rev, 29, 877, 10.1016/j.femsre.2005.01.004 Liu, 1996, The isolation, purification and identification of fumitremorgin B produced by Aspergillus fumigatus, Biomed Environ Sci, 9, 1 Lodeiro, 2009, Protostadienol biosynthesis and metabolism in the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, Org Lett, 11, 1241, 10.1021/ol802696a Ma, 2008, The sho1 sensor regulates growth, morphology, and oxidant adaptation in Aspergillus fumigatus but is not essential for development of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, Infect Immun, 76, 1695, 10.1128/IAI.01507-07 Machida, 2005, Genome sequencing and analysis of Aspergillus oryzae, Nature, 438, 1157, 10.1038/nature04300 Maerker, 2005, Methylcitrate synthase from Aspergillus fumigatus. Propionyl-CoA affects polyketide synthesis, growth and morphology of conidia, FEBS J, 272, 3615, 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04784.x Mah, 2006, Upstream and downstream regulation of asexual development in Aspergillus fumigatus, Eukaryot Cell, 5, 1585, 10.1128/EC.00192-06 Maiya, 2006, The fumitremorgin gene cluster of Aspergillus fumigatus: identification of a gene encoding brevianamide F synthetase, Chembiochem, 7, 1062, 10.1002/cbic.200600003 Markaryan, 1994, Purification and characterization of an elastinolytic metalloprotease from Aspergillus fumigatus and immunoelectron microscopic evidence of secretion of this enzyme by the fungus invading the murine lung, Infect Immun, 62, 2149, 10.1128/IAI.62.6.2149-2157.1994 Maschmeyer, 2007, Invasive aspergillosis: epidemiology, diagnosis and management in immunocompromised patients, Drugs, 67, 1567, 10.2165/00003495-200767110-00004 Maubon, 2006, AGS3, an alpha(1–3)glucan synthase gene family member of Aspergillus fumigatus, modulates mycelium growth in the lung of experimentally infected mice, Fungal Genet Biol, 43, 366, 10.1016/j.fgb.2006.01.006 May, 2008, Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in Aspergilli, 121 May, 2005, Mitogen activated protein kinases of Aspergillus fumigatus, Med Mycol, 43, S83, 10.1080/13693780400024784 Mellado, 1996, The Aspergillus fumigatus chsC and chsG genes encode class III chitin synthases with different functions, Mol Microbiol, 20, 667, 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1996.5571084.x Mellado, 2003, Cell wall biogenesis in a double chitin synthase mutant (chsG-/chsE-) of Aspergillus fumigatus, Fungal Genet Biol, 38, 98, 10.1016/S1087-1845(02)00516-9 Mellado, 1996, Cloning and characterization of chsD, a chitin synthase-like gene of Aspergillus fumigatus, FEMS Microbiol Lett, 143, 69, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08463.x Meri, 2002, The yeast Candida albicans binds complement regulators factor H and FHL-1, Infect Immun, 70, 5185, 10.1128/IAI.70.9.5185-5192.2002 Mitchell, 1997, Diffusible component from the spore surface of the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus which inhibits the macrophage oxidative burst is distinct from gliotoxin and other hyphal toxins, Thorax, 52, 796, 10.1136/thx.52.9.796 Mitsuguchi, 2009, Biosynthesis of steroidal antibiotic fusidanes: functional analysis of oxidosqualene cyclase and subsequent tailoring enzymes from Aspergillus fumigatus, J Am Chem Soc, 131, 6402, 10.1021/ja8095976 Monod, 1999, Aspergillus fumigatus-secreted proteases as antigenic molecules and virulence factors, Contrib Microbiol, 2, 182, 10.1159/000060294 Monod, 1993, Virulence of alkaline protease-deficient mutants of Aspergillus fumigatus, FEMS Microbiol Lett, 106, 39, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb05932.x Montagnoli C, Bozza S, Gaziano R, Zelante T, Bonifazi P, Moretti S, et al. Immunity and tolerance to Aspergillus fumigatus. Novartis Found Symp 2006;279:66–77; discussion 77–79, 216–219. Moreno, 2007, The regulation of zinc homeostasis by the ZafA transcriptional activator is essential for Aspergillus fumigatus virulence, Mol Microbiol, 64, 1182, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05726.x Mouyna, 2000, Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glucanosyltransferases play an active role in the biosynthesis of the fungal cell wall, J Biol Chem, 275, 14882, 10.1074/jbc.275.20.14882 Mouyna, 1998, A 1,3-beta-glucanosyltransferase isolated from the cell wall of Aspergillus fumigatus is a homologue of the yeast Bgl2p, Microbiology, 144, 3171, 10.1099/00221287-144-11-3171 Mouyna, 2004, Gene silencing with RNA interference in the human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, FEMS Microbiol Lett, 237, 317 Mouyna, 2000, Identification of the catalytic residues of the first family of beta(1–3)glucanosyltransferases identified in fungi, Biochem J, 347, 741, 10.1042/0264-6021:3470741 Mouyna, 2005, Deletion of GEL2 encoding for a beta(1–3)glucanosyltransferase affects morphogenesis and virulence in Aspergillus fumigatus, Mol Microbiol, 56, 1675, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04654.x Mouyna, 2002, Molecular characterization of a cell wall-associated beta(1–3)endoglucanase of Aspergillus fumigatus, Med Mycol, 40, 455, 10.1080/mmy.40.5.455.464 Muhlschlegal, 1998, Molecular mechanisms of virulence in fungus–host interactions for Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans, Med Mycol, 36, 238 Mullbacher, 1984, Immunosuppression in vitro by a metabolite of a human pathogenic fungus, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 81, 3835, 10.1073/pnas.81.12.3835 Munro, 2001, Chitin synthesis in human pathogenic fungi, Med Mycol, 39, 41, 10.1080/744118878 Nascimento, 2003, Multiple resistance mechanisms among Aspergillus fumigatus mutants with high-level resistance to itraconazole, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 47, 1719, 10.1128/AAC.47.5.1719-1726.2003 Nathan, 2000, Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in the relationship between mammalian hosts and microbial pathogens, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 97, 8841, 10.1073/pnas.97.16.8841 Neilands, 1993, Siderophores, Arch Biochem Biophys, 302, 1, 10.1006/abbi.1993.1172 Netea, 2003, Aspergillus fumigatus evades immune recognition during germination through loss of toll-like receptor-4-mediated signal transduction, J Infect Dis, 188, 320, 10.1086/376456 Nielsen, 2007, Sex and virulence of human pathogenic fungi, Adv Genet, 57, 143, 10.1016/S0065-2660(06)57004-X Nierman, 2005, Genomic sequence of the pathogenic and allergenic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, Nature, 438, 1151, 10.1038/nature04332 Nigam, 2003, A new glycoprotein allergen/antigen with the protease activity from Aspergillus fumigatus, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 132, 124, 10.1159/000073713 Nollen, 1999, In vivo chaperone activity of heat shock protein 70 and thermotolerance, Mol Cell Biol, 19, 2069, 10.1128/MCB.19.3.2069 O’Gorman, 2009, Discovery of a sexual cycle in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, Nature, 457, 471, 10.1038/nature07528 Ok, 2009, Immune responses of human immature dendritic cells can be modulated by the recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus antigen Aspf1, Clin Vaccine Immunol, 16, 1485, 10.1128/CVI.00175-08 Orciuolo, 2007, Effects of Aspergillus fumigatus gliotoxin and methylprednisolone on human neutrophils: implications for the pathogenesis of invasive aspergillosis, J Leukoc Biol, 82, 839, 10.1189/jlb.0207090 Orzechowski Xavier, 2008, Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis due to a mixed infection caused by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus, Rev Iberoam Micol, 25, 176, 10.1016/S1130-1406(08)70041-X Osherov, 2007, The virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus, 185 Palmer, 2008, The diverse roles of autophagy in medically important fungi, Autophagy, 4, 982, 10.4161/auto.7075 Panepinto, 2002, Expression of the Aspergillus fumigatus rheb homologue, rhbA, is induced by nitrogen starvation, Fungal Genet Biol, 36, 207, 10.1016/S1087-1845(02)00022-1 Panepinto, 2003, Deletion of the Aspergillus fumigatus gene encoding the Ras-related protein RhbA reduces virulence in a model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, Infect Immun, 71, 2819, 10.1128/IAI.71.5.2819-2826.2003 Paoletti, 2005, Evidence for sexuality in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, Curr Biol, 15, 1242, 10.1016/j.cub.2005.05.045 Pardo, 2006, The mitochondrial protein Bak is pivotal for gliotoxin-induced apoptosis and a critical host factor of Aspergillus fumigatus virulence in mice, J Cell Biol, 174, 509, 10.1083/jcb.200604044 Paris, 1997, Internalization of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia by epithelial and endothelial cells, Infect Immun, 65, 1510, 10.1128/IAI.65.4.1510-1514.1997 Paris, 2003, Conidial hydrophobins of Aspergillus fumigatus, Appl Environ Microbiol, 69, 1581, 10.1128/AEM.69.3.1581-1588.2003 Paris, 2003, Catalases of Aspergillus fumigatus, Infect Immun, 71, 3551, 10.1128/IAI.71.6.3551-3562.2003 Park, 2009, Innate immunity to Aspergillus species, Clin Microbiol Rev, 22, 535, 10.1128/CMR.00014-09 Pazos, 2005, Contribution of (1→3)-beta-D-glucan chromogenic assay to diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic adult patients: a comparison with serial screening for circulating galactomannan, J Clin Microbiol, 43, 299, 10.1128/JCM.43.1.299-305.2005 Pepeljnjak, 2004, The ability of fungal isolates from human lung aspergilloma to produce mycotoxins, Hum Exp Toxicol, 23, 15, 10.1191/0960327104ht409oa Perrin, 2007, Transcriptional regulation of chemical diversity in Aspergillus fumigatus by LaeA, PLoS Pathog, 3, e50, 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030050 Pihet, 2009, Melanin is an essential component for the integrity of the cell wall of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia, BMC Microbiol, 9, 177, 10.1186/1471-2180-9-177 Pott, 2000, The isolation of FOS-1, a gene encoding a putative two-component histidine kinase from Aspergillus fumigatus, Fungal Genet Biol, 31, 55, 10.1006/fgbi.2000.1225 Power, 2006, Differential expression of genes involved in iron metabolism in Aspergillus fumigatus, Int Microbiol, 9, 281 Priyadarsiny, 2003, Expression and characterization of Asp fI, an immunodominant allergen/antigen of A. fumigatus in insect cell, Mol Cell Biochem, 252, 157, 10.1023/A:1025594620152 Qiao, 2008, Afyap1, encoding a bZip transcriptional factor of Aspergillus fumigatus, contributes to oxidative stress response but is not essential to the virulence of this pathogen in mice immunosuppressed by cyclophosphamide and triamcinolone, Med Mycol, 46, 773, 10.1080/13693780802054215 Ramesh, 1995, Cloning and characterization of the cDNAs and genes (mep20) encoding homologous metalloproteinases from Aspergillus flavus and A. fumigatus, Gene, 165, 121, 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00434-8 Reeves, 2006, A nonribosomal peptide synthetase (Pes1) confers protection against oxidative stress in Aspergillus fumigatus, FEBS J, 273, 3038, 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05315.x Reichard, 1990, Purification and characterisation of an extracellular serine proteinase from Aspergillus fumigatus and its detection in tissue, J Med Microbiol, 33, 243, 10.1099/00222615-33-4-243 Reichard, 2000, Molecular characterization and influence on fungal development of ALP2, a novel serine proteinase from Aspergillus fumigatus, Int J Med Microbiol, 290, 549, 10.1016/S1438-4221(00)80021-1 Reichard, 2000, Molecular cloning and targeted deletion of PEP2 which encodes a novel aspartic proteinase from Aspergillus fumigatus, Int J Med Microbiol, 290, 85, 10.1016/S1438-4221(00)80111-3 Reichard, 1997, Virulence of an aspergillopepsin-deficient mutant of Aspergillus fumigatus and evidence for another aspartic proteinase linked to the fungal cell wall, J Med Vet Mycol, 35, 189, 10.1080/02681219780001131 Rementeria, 2005, Genes and molecules involved in Aspergillus fumigatus virulence, Rev Iberoam Micol, 22, 1, 10.1016/S1130-1406(05)70001-2 Reyes, 2006, Novel mitogen-activated protein kinase MpkC of Aspergillus fumigatus is required for utilization of polyalcohol sugars, Eukaryot Cell, 5, 1934, 10.1128/EC.00178-06 Richard, 1996, Natural occurrence of gliotoxin in turkeys infected with Aspergillus fumigatus, Fresenius, Mycopathologia, 134, 167, 10.1007/BF00436725 Richie, 2008, Autophagy in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, Methods Enzymol, 451, 241, 10.1016/S0076-6879(08)03217-5 Richie, 2007, Unexpected link between metal ion deficiency and autophagy in Aspergillus fumigatus, Eukaryot Cell, 6, 2437, 10.1128/EC.00224-07 Rigbers, 2008, Ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus. Overproduction and biochemical characterization of a 4-dimethylallyltryptophan N-methyltransferase, J Biol Chem, 283, 26859, 10.1074/jbc.M804979200 Rispail, 2009, Comparative genomics of MAP kinase and calcium–calcineurin signalling components in plant and human pathogenic fungi, Fungal Genet Biol, 46, 287, 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.01.002 Robson, 1999, Hyphal cell biology, 164 Romano, 2006, Disruption of the Aspergillus fumigatus ECM33 homologue results in rapid conidial germination, antifungal resistance and hypervirulence, Microbiology, 152, 1919, 10.1099/mic.0.28936-0 Ryckeboer, 2003, Microbiological aspects of biowaste during composting in a monitored compost bin, J Appl Microbiol, 94, 127, 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01800.x Sanglard, 2003, Calcineurin A of Candida albicans: involvement in antifungal tolerance, cell morphogenesis and virulence, Mol Microbiol, 48, 959, 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03495.x Sasse, 2008, Basal expression of the Aspergillus fumigatus transcriptional activator CpcA is sufficient to support pulmonary aspergillosis, Fungal Genet Biol, 45, 693, 10.1016/j.fgb.2007.12.008 Schmalhorst, 2008, Contribution of galactofuranose to the virulence of the opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, Eukaryot Cell, 7, 1268, 10.1128/EC.00109-08 Schobel, 2010, Evaluation of lysine biosynthesis as antifungal drug target: biochemical characterization of Aspergillus fumigatus homocitrate synthase and virulence studies, Eukaryot Cell, 9, 878, 10.1128/EC.00020-10 Schrettl, 2004, Siderophore biosynthesis but not reductive iron assimilation is essential for Aspergillus fumigatus virulence, J Exp Med, 200, 1213, 10.1084/jem.20041242 Schrettl, 2007, Distinct roles for intra- and extracellular siderophores during Aspergillus fumigatus infection, PLoS Pathog, 3, 1195, 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030128 Schrettl, 2008, SreA-mediated iron regulation in Aspergillus fumigatus, Mol Microbiol, 70, 27, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06376.x Shen, 2001, Identification of vacuolar serine proteinase as a major allergen of Aspergillus fumigatus by immunoblotting and N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis, Clin Exp Allergy, 31, 295, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01026.x Shen, 2004, Characterisation and expression of phospholipases B from the opportunistic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, FEMS Microbiol Lett, 239, 87, 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.08.019 Shen, 1999, The importance of serine proteinases as aeroallergens associated with asthma, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 119, 259, 10.1159/000024202 Shibuya, 1999, Histopathology of experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in rats: pathological comparison of pulmonary lesions induced by specific virulent factor deficient mutants, Microb Pathog, 27, 123, 10.1006/mpat.1999.0288 Shin, 2009, Gbetagamma-mediated growth and developmental control in Aspergillus fumigatus, Curr Genet, 55, 631, 10.1007/s00294-009-0276-4 Shinohara, 1993, Inhibition of oxidized low-density lipoprotein metabolism in macrophage J774 by helvolic acid, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1167, 303, 10.1016/0005-2760(93)90233-Y Sirakova, 1994, Molecular cloning and sequencing of the cDNA and gene for a novel elastinolytic metalloproteinase from Aspergillus fumigatus and its expression in Escherichia coli, Infect Immun, 62, 4208, 10.1128/IAI.62.10.4208-4218.1994 Slaven, 2002, Increased expression of a novel Aspergillus fumigatus ABC transporter gene, atrF, in the presence of itraconazole in an itraconazole resistant clinical isolate, Fungal Genet Biol, 36, 199, 10.1016/S1087-1845(02)00016-6 Smith, 1993, Construction and pathogenicity of Aspergillus fumigatus mutants that do not produce the ribotoxin restrictocin, Mol Microbiol, 9, 1071, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01236.x Soriani, 2008, Functional characterization of the Aspergillus fumigatus CRZ1 homologue, CrzA, Mol Microbiol, 67, 1274, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06122.x Soriani, 2010, Identification of possible targets of the Aspergillus fumigatus CRZ1 homologue, CrzA, BMC Microbiol, 10, 12, 10.1186/1471-2180-10-12 Spiess, 2007, DNA microarray-based detection and identification of fungal pathogens in clinical samples from neutropenic patients, J Clin Microbiol, 45, 3743, 10.1128/JCM.00942-07 Spikes, 2008, Gliotoxin production in Aspergillus fumigatus contributes to host-specific differences in virulence, J Infect Dis, 197, 479, 10.1086/525044 Stanzani, 2005, Aspergillus fumigatus suppresses the human cellular immune response via gliotoxin-mediated apoptosis of monocytes, Blood, 105, 2258, 10.1182/blood-2004-09-3421 Steen, 2003, Cryptococcus neoformans gene expression during experimental cryptococcal meningitis, Eukaryot Cell, 2, 1336, 10.1128/EC.2.6.1336-1349.2003 Steffan, 2009, FtmOx1, a non-heme Fe(II) and alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase, catalyses the endoperoxide formation of verruculogen in Aspergillus fumigatus, Org Biomol Chem, 7, 4082, 10.1039/b908392h Steinbach, 2006, Calcineurin controls growth, morphology, and pathogenicity in Aspergillus fumigatus, Eukaryot Cell, 5, 1091, 10.1128/EC.00139-06 Steinbach, 2007, Calcineurin inhibition or mutation enhances cell wall inhibitors against Aspergillus fumigatus, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 51, 2979, 10.1128/AAC.01394-06 Sugui, 2008, Genes differentially expressed in conidia and hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus upon exposure to human neutrophils, PLoS One, 3, e2655, 10.1371/journal.pone.0002655 Sugui, 2007, Role of laeA in the regulation of alb1, gliP, conidial morphology, and virulence in Aspergillus fumigatus, Eukaryot Cell, 6, 1552, 10.1128/EC.00140-07 Sugui, 2007, Gliotoxin is a virulence factor of Aspergillus fumigatus: gliP deletion attenuates virulence in mice immunosuppressed with hydrocortisone, Eukaryot Cell, 6, 1562, 10.1128/EC.00141-07 Szewczyk, 2010, Conserved regulators of mating are essential for Aspergillus fumigatus cleistothecium formation, Eukaryot Cell, 9, 774, 10.1128/EC.00375-09 Tang, 1993, The alkaline protease of Aspergillus fumigatus is not a virulence determinant in two murine models of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, Infect Immun, 61, 1650, 10.1128/IAI.61.5.1650-1656.1993 Tekaia, 2005, Aspergillus fumigatus: saprophyte or pathogen?, Curr Opin Microbiol, 8, 385, 10.1016/j.mib.2005.06.017 Templeton, 2010, Murine models of airway fungal exposure and allergic sensitization, Med Mycol, 48, 217, 10.3109/13693780903420658 Thau, 1994, Rodletless mutants of Aspergillus fumigatus, Infect Immun, 62, 4380, 10.1128/IAI.62.10.4380-4388.1994 Tsai, 1998, The developmentally regulated alb1 gene of Aspergillus fumigatus: its role in modulation of conidial morphology and virulence, J Bacteriol, 180, 3031, 10.1128/JB.180.12.3031-3038.1998 Tsai, 2001, Pentaketide melanin biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus requires chain-length shortening of a heptaketide precursor, J Biol Chem, 276, 29292, 10.1074/jbc.M101998200 Tsai, 1997, Aspergillus fumigatus arp1 modulates conidial pigmentation and complement deposition, Mol Microbiol, 26, 175, 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.5681921.x Tsai, 1999, A developmentally regulated gene cluster involved in conidial pigment biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus, J Bacteriol, 181, 6469, 10.1128/JB.181.20.6469-6477.1999 Tsitsigiannis, 2005, Aspergillus cyclooxygenase-like enzymes are associated with prostaglandin production and virulence, Infect Immun, 73, 4548, 10.1128/IAI.73.8.4548-4559.2005 Tsunawaki, 2004, Fungal metabolite gliotoxin inhibits assembly of the human respiratory burst NADPH oxidase, Infect Immun, 72, 3373, 10.1128/IAI.72.6.3373-3382.2004 Twumasi-Boateng, 2009, Transcriptional profiling identifies a role for BrlA in the response to nitrogen depletion and for StuA in the regulation of secondary metabolite clusters in Aspergillus fumigatus, Eukaryot Cell, 8, 104, 10.1128/EC.00265-08 Upadhyay, 2009, Identification and characterization of a laminin-binding protein of Aspergillus fumigatus: extracellular thaumatin domain protein (AfCalAp), J Med Microbiol, 58, 714, 10.1099/jmm.0.005991-0 Valiante, 2008, The mitogen-activated protein kinase MpkA of Aspergillus fumigatus regulates cell wall signaling and oxidative stress response, Fungal Genet Biol, 45, 618, 10.1016/j.fgb.2007.09.006 Valiante, 2009, The MpkA MAP kinase module regulates cell wall integrity signaling and pyomelanin formation in Aspergillus fumigatus, Fungal Genet Biol, 46, 909, 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.08.005 Varga, 2003, Genetic variability and reproductive mode of Aspergillus fumigatus, Infect Genet Evol, 3, 3, 10.1016/S1567-1348(02)00156-9 Vicentefranqueira, 2005, The zrfA and zrfB genes of Aspergillus fumigatus encode the zinc transporter proteins of a zinc uptake system induced in an acid, zinc-depleted environment, Eukaryot Cell, 4, 837, 10.1128/EC.4.5.837-848.2005 Vickers, 2007, Isolation, activity and immunological characterisation of a secreted aspartic protease, CtsD, from Aspergillus fumigatus, Protein Expr Purif, 53, 216, 10.1016/j.pep.2006.12.012 Vogl, 2008, Immune evasion by acquisition of complement inhibitors: the mould Aspergillus binds both factor H and C4b binding protein, Mol Immunol, 45, 1485, 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.08.011 Wagener, 2008, The putative alpha-1,2-mannosyltransferase AfMnt1 of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus is required for cell wall stability and full virulence, Eukaryot Cell, 7, 1661, 10.1128/EC.00221-08 Walker, 2008, Stimulation of chitin synthesis rescues Candida albicans from echinocandins, PLoS Pathog, 4, e1000040, 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000040 Wallwey, 2010, Ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus: conversion of chanoclavine-I to chanoclavine-I aldehyde catalyzed by a short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase FgaDH, Arch Microbiol, 192, 127, 10.1007/s00203-009-0536-1 Warwas, 2007, Structure and role of sialic acids on the surface of Aspergillus fumigatus conidiospores, Glycobiology, 17, 401, 10.1093/glycob/cwl085 Washburn, 1990, Aspergillus fumigatus complement inhibitor: production, characterization, and purification by hydrophobic interaction and thin-layer chromatography, Infect Immun, 58, 3508, 10.1128/IAI.58.11.3508-3515.1990 Washburn, 1986, Inhibition of complement by culture supernatants of Aspergillus fumigatus, J Infect Dis, 154, 944, 10.1093/infdis/154.6.944 Wasylnka, 2003, Aspergillus fumigatus conidia survive and germinate in acidic organelles of A549 epithelial cells, J Cell Sci, 116, 1579, 10.1242/jcs.00329 Wasylnka, 2002, Uptake of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia by phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells in vitro: quantitation using strains expressing green fluorescent protein, Infect Immun, 70, 3156, 10.1128/IAI.70.6.3156-3163.2002 Wheeler, 1988, Melanins and their importance in pathogenic fungi, Curr Top Med Mycol, 2, 338, 10.1007/978-1-4612-3730-3_10 Willger, 2009, Aspergillus fumigatus metabolism: clues to mechanisms of in vivo fungal growth and virulence, Med Mycol, 47, S72, 10.1080/13693780802455313 Willger, 2008, A sterol-regulatory element binding protein is required for cell polarity, hypoxia adaptation, azole drug resistance, and virulence in Aspergillus fumigatus, PLoS Pathog, 4, e1000200, 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000200 Xue, 2004, A mitogen-activated protein kinase that senses nitrogen regulates conidial germination and growth in Aspergillus fumigatus, Eukaryot Cell, 3, 557, 10.1128/EC.3.2.557-560.2004 Yamada, 2000, The fungal metabolite gliotoxin: immunosuppressive activity on CTL-mediated cytotoxicity, Immunol Lett, 71, 27, 10.1016/S0165-2478(99)00155-8 Yamazaki, 1980, Chemistry of tremorogenic metabolites. I. Fumitremorgin A from Aspergillus fumigatus, Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 28, 245, 10.1248/cpb.28.245 Yamazaki, 1979, Isolation of some new tryptoquivaline-related metabolites from Aspergillus fumigatus, Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 27, 1611, 10.1248/cpb.27.1611 Yokota, 1977, Studies on the toxin of Aspergillus fumigatus. VII. Purification and some properities of hemolytic toxin (asp-hemolysin) from culture filtrates and mycelia, Microbiol Immunol, 21, 11, 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1977.tb02803.x Youngchim, 2004, Production of melanin by Aspergillus fumigatus, J Med Microbiol, 53, 175, 10.1099/jmm.0.05421-0 Yuen, 2001, Characterization of AFMP1: a novel target for serodiagnosis of aspergillosis, J Clin Microbiol, 39, 3830, 10.1128/JCM.39.11.3830-3837.2001 Zarember, 2007, Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes inhibit Aspergillus fumigatus conidial growth by lactoferrin-mediated iron depletion, J Immunol, 178, 6367, 10.4049/jimmunol.178.10.6367 Zhang, 2005, Expression of Aspergillus fumigatus virulence-related genes detected in vitro and in vivo with competitive RT-PCR, Mycopathologia, 160, 201, 10.1007/s11046-005-0141-z Zhang, 2008, Afcwh41 is required for cell wall synthesis, conidiation, and polarity in Aspergillus fumigatus, FEMS Microbiol Lett, 289, 155, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01376.x Zhao, 2006, Deletion of the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A in Aspergillus fumigatus alters morphology, sensitivity to oxidative damage, and virulence, Infect Immun, 74, 4865, 10.1128/IAI.00565-06 Zhou, 2007, O-Mannosyltransferase 1 in Aspergillus fumigatus (AfPmt1p) is crucial for cell wall integrity and conidium morphology, especially at an elevated temperature, Eukaryot Cell, 6, 2260, 10.1128/EC.00261-07