What kind of attention is necessary for fear reduction? An empirical test of the emotional processing model

Antony, 1998, Effect of distraction and coping style on in vivo exposure treatment for specific phobia of spiders Arntz, 1993, Does stimulus elaboration potentiate exposure in vivo treatment? Two forms of one-session treatment of spider phobia, Behavioural Psychotherapy, 21, 1, 10.1017/S0141347300017754 Barker, 1987, Questionnaire dimensions of spider phobia: A replication and extension, Personality and Individual Differences, 8, 737, 10.1016/0191-8869(87)90074-2 Barlow, 1988 Beck, 1985 Bernstein, 1973, Behavioral fear assessment: Anxiety or artifact?, 225 Bernstein, 1974, Behavioral avoidance tests: The effects of demand characteristics and repeated measures on two types of subjects, Behavior Therapy, 5, 183, 10.1016/S0005-7894(74)80133-4 Berntson, 1994, Autonomic cardiac control III. Psychological stress and cardiac response in autonomic space as revealed by pharmacological blockades, Psychophysiology, 31, 599, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb02352.x Bisiach, 1978, Unilateral neglect of representational space, Cortex, 14, 129, 10.1016/S0010-9452(78)80016-1 Borkovec, 1990, The effect of worry on cardiovascular response to phobic imagery, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 69, 10.1016/0005-7967(90)90056-O Borkovec, 1993, The role of worrisome thinking in the suppression of cardiovascular response to phobic imagery, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 321, 10.1016/0005-7967(93)90031-O Borkovec, 1972, Credibility of analogue therapy rationales, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 3, 257, 10.1016/0005-7916(72)90045-6 Carlin, 1997, Virtual reality and tactile augmentation in the treatment of spider phobia, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 153, 10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00085-X Chambless, 1996, An update on empirically validated therapies, The Clinical Psychologist, 49, 5 Craske, 1999 Craske, 1995, Treatment of claustrophobias and snake/spider phobias: Fear of arousal and fear of context, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 197, 10.1016/0005-7967(94)P4441-V Craske, 1989, Instructions to focus upon or distract from internal cues during exposure treatment of agoraphobic avoidance, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 663, 10.1016/0005-7967(89)90150-2 Craske, 1991, Attention versus distraction during in vivo exposure: Snake and spider phobias, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 5, 199, 10.1016/0887-6185(91)90001-A First, 1995 Foa, 1986, Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information, Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20, 10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20 Gordon, 1949, An investigation into some of the factors that favor the formation of stereotyped images, British Journal of Psychology, 39, 156 Grayson, 1982, Habituation during exposure treatment: Distraction vs. attention-focusing, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 20, 323, 10.1016/0005-7967(82)90091-2 Grayson, 1986, Exposure in vivo of obsessive-compulsives under distracting and attention-focusing conditions: Replication and extension, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 475, 10.1016/0005-7967(86)90013-6 Hiscock, 1978, Imagery assessment through self-report: What do imagery questionnaires measure?, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 223, 10.1037/0022-006X.46.2.223 Hofmann, 1995, Psychophysiological differences between subgroups of social phobia, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 224, 10.1037/0021-843X.104.1.224 Klorman, 1974, Psychometric description of some specific fear questionnaires, Behavior Therapy, 5, 401, 10.1016/S0005-7894(74)80008-0 Kosslyn, 1994 Kozak, 1982, Hypothetical constructs versus intervening variables: A reappraisal of the three-systems model of anxiety assessment, Behavioral Assessment, 4, 347 Lang, 1998, Long-term benefits of maximizing memory for exposure-based treatment of fear Marks, 1973, Visual imagery differences in the recall of pictures, British Journal of Psychology, 64, 17, 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1973.tb01322.x Marks, 1983, In defense of imagery questionnaires, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 24, 243, 10.1111/j.1467-9450.1983.tb00496.x McKelvie, 1995, The VVIQ as a psychometric test of individual differences in visual imagery vividness: A critical quantitative review, Journal of Mental Imagery, 19, 1 Miller, 1993, Three-systems assessment and the construct of emotion, 31 Rachman, 1980, Emotional processing, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18, 51, 10.1016/0005-7967(80)90069-8 Richardson, 1972, Voluntary control of the memory image, 109 Riskind, 1995, The looming of spiders: The fearful perceptual distortion of movement and menace, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 171, 10.1016/0005-7967(94)E0023-C Rodriguez, 1993, The effects of distraction during exposure to phobic stimuli, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 549, 10.1016/0005-7967(93)90106-5 Rodriguez, 1995, Does distraction interfere with fear reduction during exposure? A test among animal-fearful participants, Behavior Therapy, 26, 337, 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80109-1 Rowe, 1998, Effects of an expanding-spaced vs massed exposure schedule on fear reduction and return of fear, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 701, 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10016-X Rowe, 1998, Effects of varied-stimulus exposure training on fear reduction and return of fear, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 719, 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10017-1 Rozin, 1984, Family resemblance in attitudes to food, Developmental Psychology, 20, 309, 10.1037/0012-1649.20.2.309 Suls, 1985, The relative efficacy of avoidant and nonavoidant coping strategies: A meta-analysis, Health Psychology, 4, 249, 10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.249 Thyer, 1988, Exposure techniques in the reduction of fear: A comparative review of the procedure in animals and humans, Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 10, 105, 10.1016/0146-6402(88)90011-2 Van den Bergh, 1989, Brief exposure to fear stimuli: Imagery ability as a condition of fear enhancement and fear decrease, Behavior Therapy, 20, 563, 10.1016/S0005-7894(89)80134-0 Watts, 1984, Questionnaire dimensions of spider phobia, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22, 575, 10.1016/0005-7967(84)90061-5 Wolpe, 1990 Zinbarg, 1993, Information processing and classical conditioning: Implications for exposure therapy and the integration of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy, Journal of Behavior and Experimental Psychiatry, 24, 129, 10.1016/0005-7916(93)90041-T Zinbarg, 1998, Concordance and synchrony in measures of anxiety and panic reconsidered: A hierarchical model of anxiety and panic, Behavior Therapy, 29, 301, 10.1016/S0005-7894(98)80009-9