What is the optimal vitamin D status for health?

Adams, J.E., Gacad, M.A., Baker, A.J., Rude, R.K., 1985. Serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Platyrrhini and Cathrrhini: a phylogenetic appraisal, pp. 219–224. Barger-Lux, 1994, The role of calcium intake in preventing bone fragility, hypertension, and certain cancers. [Review], J. Nutr., 124, 1406S, 10.1093/jn/124.suppl_8.1406S Barger-Lux, 2002, Effects of above average summer sun exposure on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and calcium absorption, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 87, 4952, 10.1210/jc.2002-020636 Bischoff-Ferrari, 2004, Positive association between 25-hydroxy vitamin d levels and bone mineral density: a population-based study of younger and older adults, Am. J. Med., 116, 634, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.12.029 Bischoff-Ferrari, 2005, Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, JAMA, 293, 2257, 10.1001/jama.293.18.2257 Bischoff-Ferrari, 2005, Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, JAMA, 293, 2257, 10.1001/jama.293.18.2257 Chapuy, 1996, Healthy elderly French women living at home have secondary hyperparathyroidism and high bone turnover in winter. EPIDOS Study Group, J Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 81, 1129 Chiu, 2004, Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction, Am. J Clin. Nutr., 79, 820, 10.1093/ajcn/79.5.820 Davies, 2003, A systematic review and meta-analysis of Northern Hemisphere season of birth studies in schizophrenia, Schizophr. Bull., 29, 587, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007030 Dawson-Hughes, 2005, Estimates of optimal vitamin D status, Osteoporos. Int., 16, 713, 10.1007/s00198-005-1867-7 Diamond, 2005, Evolutionary biology: geography and skin colour, Nature, 435, 283, 10.1038/435283a Dietrich, 2004, Association between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and periodontal disease in the US population, Am. J Clin. Nutr., 80, 108 Doll, 1998, Uncovering the effects of smoking: historical perspective, Stat. Methods Med. Res., 7, 87, 10.1177/096228029800700202 Eaton, 1996, An evolutionary perspective enhances understanding of human nutritional requirements, J. Nutr., 126, 1732, 10.1093/jn/126.6.1732 Embry, 2000, Vitamin D and seasonal fluctuations of gadolinium-enhancing magnetic resonance imaging lesions in multiple sclerosis, Ann. Neurol., 48, 271, 10.1002/1531-8249(200008)48:2<271::AID-ANA28>3.0.CO;2-O 2003 Feskanich, 2004, Plasma vitamin D metabolites and risk of colorectal cancer in women, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 13, 1502, 10.1158/1055-9965.1502.13.9 Gacad, 1992, Specificity of steroid binding in New World primate B95-8 cells with a vitamin D-resistant phenotype, Endocrinology, 131, 2581, 10.1210/endo.131.6.1446602 Garland, 1989, Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and colon cancer: eight-year prospective study, Lancet, 2, 1176, 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91789-3 Grant, 2005, Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (randomised evaluation of calcium or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, 365, 1621, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)63013-9 Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General, 2002. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Vitamin D. http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/out157_en.pdf-Accessed August 11, 2003. Ed EUROPEAN COMMISSION. Brussels, Belgium. Heaney, 2005, Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone exhibit threshold behavior, J. Endocrinol. Invest., 28, 180, 10.1007/BF03345364 Heaney, 2005, The Vitamin D requirement in health and disease, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 97, 13, 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.06.020 Heaney, 1997, Calcium absorptive effects of vitamin D and its major metabolites [in process citation], J Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 82, 4111 Heaney, 2003, Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77, 204, 10.1093/ajcn/77.1.204 Heaney, 2003, Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 22, 142, 10.1080/07315724.2003.10719287 Jablonski, 2000, The evolution of human skin coloration, J. Hum. Evol., 39, 57, 10.1006/jhev.2000.0403 Jablonski, 2002, Skin deep, Sci. Am., 287, 74, 10.1038/scientificamerican1002-74 Kewenig, 1999, Rapid mucosal CD4(+) T-cell depletion and enteropathy in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques, Gastroenterology, 116, 1115, 10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70014-4 Krause, 1998, Ultraviolet B and blood pressure [letter], Lancet, 352, 709, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)60827-6 Law, 2002, Risk factor thresholds: their existence under scrutiny, BMJ, 324, 1570, 10.1136/bmj.324.7353.1570 Lips, 2004, Which circulating level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is appropriate?, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 89–90, 611, 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.03.040 Marx, 1989, Differences in mineral metabolism among nonhuman primates receiving diets with only vitamin D3 or only vitamin D2, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 69, 1282, 10.1210/jcem-69-6-1282 Pfeifer, 2001, Effects of a short-term vitamin D(3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 86, 1633 Pfeifer, 2001, Vitamin D status, trunk muscle strength, body sway, falls, and fractures among 237 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes, 109, 87, 10.1055/s-2001-14831 Porthouse, 2005, Randomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care, BMJ, 330, 1003, 10.1136/bmj.330.7498.1003 Relethford, 1997, Hemispheric difference in human skin color [see comments], Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 104, 449, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199712)104:4<449::AID-AJPA2>3.0.CO;2-N Rucker, 2002, Vitamin D insufficiency in a population of healthy western Canadians, CMAJ, 166, 1517 1997 Steingrimsdottir, 2005, Relationship between serum parathyroid hormone levels, vitamin D sufficiency, and calcium intake, JAMA, 294, 2336, 10.1001/jama.294.18.2336 Vieth, 1999, Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 69, 842, 10.1093/ajcn/69.5.842 Vieth, 2001, Would prehistoric human 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations be beneficial, and how much vitamin D do we need to ensure desirable nutritional targets?, 173 Vieth, 2003, Effects of vitamin D on bone and natural selection of skin color: how much vitamin D nutrition are we talking about? Vieth, 2004, Enzyme kinetics hypothesis to explain the U-shaped risk curve for prostate cancer vs. 25-hydroxyvitamin D in Nordic countries, Int. J. Cancer, 111, 468, 10.1002/ijc.20218 Vieth, 2005, The pharmacology of vitamin D, including fortification strategies, 995 Vieth, 2005, The role of vitamin D in the prevention of osteoporosis, Ann. Med., 37, 278, 10.1080/07853890510007313 Vieth, 2005, There is no lower threshold level for parathyroid hormone as 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations increase, J. Endocrinol. Invest., 28, 183, 10.1007/BF03345365 Vieth, 1987, Serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques, J. Med. Primatol., 16, 349, 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1987.tb00345.x Vieth, 2001, Efficacy and safety of vitamin D(3) intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73, 288, 10.1093/ajcn/73.2.288 Vieth, 2001, Wintertime vitamin D insufficiency is common in young Canadian women, and their vitamin D intake does not prevent it, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 55, 1091, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601275 Vieth, 2004, Randomized comparison of the effects of the vitamin D3 adequate intake versus 100mcg (4000IU) per day on biochemical responses and the wellbeing of patients, Nutr. J., 3, 8, 10.1186/1475-2891-3-8 Vieth, R., Choo, R., Deboer, L., Danjoux, C., Morton, G.C., Klotz, L., 2005. Rise in prostate-specific antigen in men with untreated low-grade prostate cancer is slower during spring-summer. Am. J. Therapeutics, in press. Willer, 2005, Timing of birth and risk of multiple sclerosis: population based study, BMJ, 330, 120, 10.1136/bmj.38301.686030.63