What is the evidence that mycobacteria are associated with the pathogenesis of Sjogren’s syndrome?

Fox, 2005, Sjögren’s syndrome, Lancet, 366, 321, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66990-5 Shen, 2017, Autoantibodies, detection methods and panels for diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome, Clin. Immunol., 182, 24, 10.1016/j.clim.2017.03.017 Baldini, 2012, Classification criteria for Sjogren’s syndrome: a critical review, J. Autoimmun., 39, 9, 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.12.006 Ramos-Casals, 2008, Primary Sjögren syndrome in Spain: clinical and immunologic expression in 1010 patients, Medicine (Baltim.), 87, 210, 10.1097/MD.0b013e318181e6af Vivino, 2017, Sjogren’s syndrome: clinical aspects, Clin. Immunol., 182, 48, 10.1016/j.clim.2017.04.005 Ekström Smedby, 2008, Autoimmune disorders and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes: a pooled analysis within the InterLymph Consortium, Blood, 111, 4029, 10.1182/blood-2007-10-119974 Fallah, 2014, Autoimmune diseases associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a nationwide cohort study, Ann. Oncol., 25, 2025, 10.1093/annonc/mdu365 Papageorgiou, 2015, Predicting the outcome of Sjogren’s syndrome-associated non-hodgkin’s lymphoma patients, PloS One, 10, 10.1371/journal.pone.0116189 Zufferey, 1995, Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) and malignant lymphoma. A retrospective cohort study of 55 patients with SS, Scand. J. Rheumatol., 24, 342, 10.3109/03009749509095178 Helmick, 2008, National Arthritis Data Workgroup. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part I, Arthritis Rheum., 58, 15, 10.1002/art.23177 Manoussakis, 2004, Sjögren’s syndrome associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical and laboratory profiles and comparison with primary Sjögren’s syndrome, Arthritis Rheum., 50, 882, 10.1002/art.20093 Catrysse, 2014, A20 in inflammation and autoimmunity, Trends Immunol., 35, 22, 10.1016/j.it.2013.10.005 Zhou, 2016, Loss-of-function mutations in TNFAIP3 leading to A20 haploinsufficiency cause an early-onset autoinflammatory disease, Nat. Genet., 48, 67, 10.1038/ng.3459 Aeschlimann, 2018, A20 haploinsufficiency (HA20): clinical phenotypes and disease course of patients with a newly recognised NF-kB-mediated autoinflammatory disease, Ann. Rheum. Dis., 77, 728, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212403 Ciccacci, 2019, TNFAIP3 gene polymorphisms in three common autoimmune diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and primary sjogren syndrome-association with disease susceptibility and clinical phenotypes in Italian patients, J Immunol Res, 2019, 6728694 Nezos, 2018, TNFAIP3 F127C coding variation in Greek primary sjogren’s syndrome patients, J Immunol Res, 2018, 6923213 Matsuzawa, 2015, TNFAIP3 promotes survival of CD4 T cells by restricting MTOR and promoting autophagy, Autophagy, 11, 1052, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1055439 Kumar, 2015, MicroRNA let-7 modulates the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection via control of A20, an inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway, Cell Host Microbe, 17, 345, 10.1016/j.chom.2015.01.007 Bai, 2019, Alpha-1-antitrypsin enhances primary human macrophage immunity against non-tuberculous mycobacteria, Front. Immunol., 10, 1417, 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01417 Harvey, 2007, Antigen presentation and transfer between B cells and macrophages, Eur. J. Immunol., 37, 1739, 10.1002/eji.200636452 Heesters, 2016, Antigen presentation to B cells, Trends Immunol., 37, 844, 10.1016/j.it.2016.10.003 Karabiyik, 2013, The important role of T cells and receptor expression in sjögren’s syndrome, Scand. J. Immunol., 78, 157, 10.1111/sji.12079 Mielle, 2019, B cells in Sjögren’s syndrome: from pathophysiology to therapeutic target, Rheumatology, key332 Gupta, 2019, Analysis of long non-coding RNA and mRNA expression in bovine macrophages brings up novel aspects of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infections, Sci. Rep., 9, 1571, 10.1038/s41598-018-38141-x Lee, 2016, Mycobacterium fortuitum induces A20 expression that impairs macrophage inflammatory responses, Pathog Dis, 74, 10.1093/femspd/ftw015 Baer, 2015, Sjögren’s International Collaborative Clinical Alliance (SICCA) Research Groups. The SSB-positive/SSA-negative antibody profile is not associated with key phenotypic features of Sjögren’s syndrome, Ann. Rheum. Dis., 74, 1557, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206683 Richter, 2010, The heat shock response: life on the verge of death, Mol Cell, 40, 253, 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.10.006 Zhang, 2019, Serological testing for mycobacterial heat shock protein Hsp65 antibody in health and diseases, Microorganisms, 8, 10.3390/microorganisms8010047 Jindal, 1989, Primary structure of a human mitochondrial protein homologous to the bacterial and plant chaperonins and to the 65-kilodalton mycobacterial antigen, Mol. Cell Biol., 9, 2279 Dow, 2012, M. paratuberculosis heat shock protein 65 and human diseases: bridging infection and autoimmunity, Autoimmune Dis., 150824 Damian, 1965, Molecular mimicry: antigen sharing by parasite and host and its consequences, Am. Nat., 98, 129, 10.1086/282313 Blank, 2007, Molecular mimicry and auto-immunity, Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol., 32, 111, 10.1007/BF02686087 Sechi, 2015, Mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis zoonosis - the hundred year war - beyond crohn’s disease, Front. Immunol., 6, 96, 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00096 Frank, 2008, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and Crohn’s disease, Lancet Infect. Dis., 8, 345, 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70105-1 Rathnaiah, 2017, Pathogenesis, molecular genetics, and genomics of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the etiologic agent of johne’s disease, Front Vet Sci, 4, 187, 10.3389/fvets.2017.00187 Collins Lombard, 2013, Herd-level prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in United States dairy herds in 2007, Prev. Vet. Med., 108, 234, 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.08.006 Arsenault, 2014, From mouth to macrophage: mechanisms of innate immune subversion by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Vet Res, 45, 54, 10.1186/1297-9716-45-54 Corbett, 2019, Quantifying transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis among group-housed dairy calves, Vet Res, 50, 60, 10.1186/s13567-019-0678-3 Mortier, 2013, Evaluation of age-dependent susceptibility in calves infected with two doses of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis using pathology and tissue culture, Vet Res, 44, 94, 10.1186/1297-9716-44-94 Windsor, 2010, Evidence for age susceptibility of cattle to johne’s disease, Vet. J., 184, 37, 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.01.007 Pierce, 2010, Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease: is Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis the common villain?, Gut Pathog., 2, 21, 10.1186/1757-4749-2-21 Pickup, 2005, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the catchment area and water of the River Taff in South Wales, United Kingdom, and its potential relationship to clustering of Crohn’s disease cases in the city of Cardiff, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71, 2130, 10.1128/AEM.71.4.2130-2139.2005 Whan, 2005, Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in untreated water in Northern Ireland, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71, 7107, 10.1128/AEM.71.11.7107-7112.2005 Gill, 2011, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy products, meat, and drinking water, J. Food Protect., 74, 480, 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-10-301 Beumer, 2010, Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in drinking water and biofilms by quantitative PCR, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 76, 7367, 10.1128/AEM.00730-10 Ellingson, 2005, Detection of viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in retail pasteurized whole milk by two culture methods and PCR, J. Food Protect., 68, 966, 10.4315/0362-028X-68.5.966 Millar, 1996, IS900 PCR to detect Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in retail supplies of whole pasteurized cows’ milk in England and Wales, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62, 3446, 10.1128/aem.62.9.3446-3452.1996 Acharya, 2017, Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in powdered infant formula using IS900 quantitative PCR and liquid culture media, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 257, 1, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.06.005 Botsaris, 2016, Detection of viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in powdered infant formula by phage-PCR and confirmed by culture, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 216, 91, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.09.011 Dow, 2019, Cows get crohn’s disease and they’re giving us diabetes, Microorganisms, 7, 10.3390/microorganisms7100466 Belshaw, 2004, Long-term reinfection of the human genome by endogenous retroviruses, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 101, 4894, 10.1073/pnas.0307800101 Moyes, 2005, The distribution of the endogenous retroviruses HERV-K113 and HERV-K115 in health and disease, Genomics, 86, 337, 10.1016/j.ygeno.2005.06.004 Arru, 2020, Antibody response against HERV-W in patients with MOG-IgG associated disorders, multiple sclerosis and NMOSD, J. Neuroimmunol., 338, 577110, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577110 Greenig, 2019, HERVs, immunity, and autoimmunity: understanding the connection, PeerJ, 7, 10.7717/peerj.6711 Niegowska, 2019, Anti-HERV-WEnv antibodies are correlated with seroreactivity against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in children and youths at T1D risk, Sci. Rep., 9, 6282, 10.1038/s41598-019-42788-5 Naser, 2013, Exploring the role of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study, Gut Pathog., 5, 14, 10.1186/1757-4749-5-14 Scheinin, 1996, Islet cell and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies and heat-shock protein 65 responses in children with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Immunol. Lett., 49, 123, 10.1016/0165-2478(95)02493-X Dow, 2014, M. paratuberculosis and Parkinson’s disease--is this a trigger, Med. Hypotheses, 83, 709, 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.09.025 Arru, 2016, Is there a role for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Parkinson’s disease?, J. Neuroimmunol., 293, 86, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.02.016 2017, Report on BCG Vaccine Use for Protection against Mycobacterial Infections Including Tuberculosis, Leprosy, and Other Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Infections Andersen, 2005, The success and failure of BCG - implications for a novel tuberculosis vaccine, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 3, 656, 10.1038/nrmicro1211 Hoft, 2000, Mucosal Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination of humans inhibits delayed-type hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative but induces mycobacteria-specific interferon-g responses, Clin. Infect. Dis., 30, S217, 10.1086/313864 Darrah, 2020, Prevention of tuberculosis in macaques after intravenous BCG immunization, Nature, 577, 95, 10.1038/s41586-019-1817-8 Abate, 2019, BCG vaccination induces M. avium and M. abscessus cross-protective immunity, Front. Immunol., 10, 234, 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00234 Kontturi, 2018, Increase in childhood nontuberculous mycobacterial infections after bacille calmette-guérin coverage drop: a nationwide, population-based retrospective study, Finland, 1995-2016, Clin. Infect. Dis., 67, 1256, 10.1093/cid/ciy241 Poyntz, 2014, Non-tuberculous mycobacteria have diverse effects on BCG efficacy against, Mycobacterium tuberculosis., Tuberculosis (Edinb)., 94, 226, 10.1016/j.tube.2013.12.006 Romanus, 1995, Atypical mycobacteria in extrapulmonary disease among children. Incidence in Sweden from 1969 to 1990, related to changing BCG-vaccination coverage, Tuber. Lung Dis., 76, 300, 10.1016/S0962-8479(05)80028-0 Trnka, 1994, Six years’ experience with the discontinuation of BCG vaccination. 4. Protective effect of BCG vaccination against the Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex, Tuber. Lung Dis., 75, 348, 10.1016/0962-8479(94)90080-9 Zimmermann, 2018, Does BCG vaccination protect against nontuberculous mycobacterial infection? A systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Infect. Dis., 218, 679, 10.1093/infdis/jiy207 Daley, 2020, Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an official ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA clinical practice guideline: executive summary, Clin. Infect. Dis., 71, e1, 10.1093/cid/ciaa241 Dow, 2016, Detection of M. paratuberculosis bacteremia in a child with lupus erythematosus and Sjogren’s syndrome, Autoimmune Infect Dis:Open Access, 2 Davis, 2017, Resolution of Crohn’s (Johne’s) disease with antibiotics: what are the next steps?, Expet Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 11, 393, 10.1080/17474124.2017.1300529 Agrawal, 2020, Anti-mycobacterial antibiotic therapy induces remission in active paediatric crohn’s disease, Microorganisms, 8, 1112, 10.3390/microorganisms8081112 Agrawal, 2020, Targeted combination antibiotic therapy induces remission in treatment-naïve crohn’s disease: a case series, Microorganisms, 8, 371, 10.3390/microorganisms8030371 Chamberlin, 2011, Primary treatment of Crohn’s disease: combined antibiotics taking center stage, Expet Rev. Clin. Immunol., 7, 751, 10.1586/eci.11.43 Savarino, 2019, Antimicrobial treatment with the fixed-dose antibiotic combination RHB-104 for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in crohn’s disease: pharmacological and clinical implications, Expet Opin. Biol. Ther., 19, 79, 10.1080/14712598.2019.1561852 Graham, 2019 Graham, 2018, Phase III randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel group study to assess the efficacy and safety OF add-on fixed-dose anti-mycobacterial therapy (RHB-104) IN moderately to severely active CROHN’S disease (map US), United Eur Gastroenterol J, 6 Rhodes, 2013, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is widely distributed in British soils and waters: implications for animal and human health, Environ. Microbiol., 15, 2761, 10.1111/1462-2920.12137 Chaubey, 2017, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis - an important food borne pathogen of high public health significance with special reference to India: an update, Vet. Q., 37, 282, 10.1080/01652176.2017.1397301 Bo, 2020, Role of infections in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: focus on mycobacteria, Microorganisms, 8, E1459, 10.3390/microorganisms8101459 Goodridge, 2016, Harnessing the beneficial heterologous effects of vaccination, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 16, 392, 10.1038/nri.2016.43 Faustman, 2012, Proof-of-concept, randomized, controlled clinical trial of Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin for treatment of long-term type 1 diabetes, PloS One, 7, 10.1371/journal.pone.0041756 Faustman, 2014, TNF, BCG, and the proteasome in autoimmunity: an overview of the pathways & results of a phase I study in type 1 diabetes, 81 Ristori, 2014, Effects of Bacille Calmette-Guerin after the first demyelinating event in the CNS, Neurology, 82, 41, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000438216.93319.ab Arnoldussen, 2011, BCG vaccination and allergy: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 127, 246, 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.07.039 Shann, 2011, The nonspecific effects of vaccines and the expanded program on immunization, J. Infect. Dis., 204, 182, 10.1093/infdis/jir244 Kristensen, 2000, Routine vaccinations and child survival: follow up study in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa, BMJ, 321, 1435, 10.1136/bmj.321.7274.1435 Karaci, 2014, The protective effect of the BCG vaccine on the development of type 1 diabetes in humans, 52 Ristori, 1999, Use of bacille calmette-guèrin (BCG) in multiple sclerosis, Neurology, 53, 1588, 10.1212/WNL.53.7.1588 Dow, 2020, Proposing BCG vaccination for Mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis (MAP) associated autoimmune diseases, Microorganisms, 8, 212, 10.3390/microorganisms8020212 Bach, 2018, The hygiene hypothesis in autoimmunity: the role of pathogens and commensals, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 18, 105, 10.1038/nri.2017.111 Faustman, 2020, Benefits of BCG-induced metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis in autoimmune and nervous system diseases, J. Intern. Med., 288, 641, 10.1111/joim.13050 Zorzella-Pezavento, 2013, BCG and BCG/DNAhsp65 vaccinations promote protective effects without deleterious consequences for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Clin. Dev. Immunol., 2013, 721383, 10.1155/2013/721383 Shi, 2019, Biphasic dynamics of macrophage immunometabolism during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, mBio, 10, 10.1128/mBio.02550-18 Kan, 2020, Temporal modulation of host aerobic glycolysis determines the outcome of Mycobacterium marinum infection, Fish Shellfish Immunol., 96, 78, 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.051 Gleeson, 2016, Cutting edge: Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces aerobic glycolysis in human alveolar macrophages that is required for control of intracellular bacillary replication, J Immunol Res, 196, 2444, 10.4049/jimmunol.1501612 Gofrit, 2019, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy lowers the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease in bladder cancer patients, PloS One, 14, 10.1371/journal.pone.0224433 Chen, 2018, Involvement of the Warburg effect in non-tumor diseases processes, J. Cell. Physiol., 233, 2839, 10.1002/jcp.25998 Netea, 2014, BCG-induced protection: effects on innate immune memory, Semin. Immunol., 26, 512, 10.1016/j.smim.2014.09.006 Cirovic, 2020, BCG vaccination in humans elicits trained immunity via the hematopoietic progenitor compartment, Cell Host Microbe, 28, 322, 10.1016/j.chom.2020.05.014 Kleinnijenhuis, 2012, Bacille Calmette-Guerin induces NOD2-dependent nonspecific protection from reinfection via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109, 17537, 10.1073/pnas.1202870109 Welsh, 2002, No one is naive: the significance of heterologous T-cell immunity, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2, 417, 10.1038/nri820 Faustman, 2018, TNF, TNF inducers, and TNFR2 agonists: a new path to type 1 diabetes treatment, Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 34, 10.1002/dmrr.2941 Zwerling, 2011, The BCG World Atlas: a database of global BCG vaccination policies and practices, PLoS Med., 8, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001012