Tác động của giáo dục đại học đến khả năng tự kinh doanh ở các quốc gia chuyển tiếp: Phân tích biến công cụ trên mẫu cắt ngang của 29 quốc gia

Nazim Habibov1, Elvin Afandi2, Alex Cheung1
1University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
2The Islamic Corporation for the Development of the Private Sector, Islamic Development Bank Group, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Tóm tắt

Chúng tôi đã sử dụng một bộ dữ liệu cắt ngang chất lượng cao, bao gồm 29 quốc gia chuyển tiếp đa dạng, để tìm hiểu tác động của giáo dục đến khả năng tự kinh doanh của người dân bằng các mô hình probit tiêu chuẩn và biprobit với biến công cụ nhằm giải quyết vấn đề nội sinh. Các phát hiện của chúng tôi cho thấy tác động tiêu cực của giáo dục đại học đến khuynh hướng tự kinh doanh. Phát hiện này vẫn giữ nguyên trong mô hình một giai đoạn (tức là probit tiêu chuẩn) và mô hình biến công cụ (tức là biprobit). Chúng tôi phát hiện ra sự nội sinh mạnh mẽ trong việc ước lượng tác động của giáo dục đến khuynh hướng tự kinh doanh, việc bỏ qua điều này làm cho các ước lượng trở nên thiên lệch. Các mô hình hồi quy không giải quyết vấn đề nội sinh thường có xu hướng đánh giá thấp tác động tiêu cực của giáo dục đến khả năng tự kinh doanh ở các quốc gia chuyển tiếp. Các nhà nghiên cứu nên sử dụng các phương pháp thay thế để giảm thiểu vấn đề nội sinh, chẳng hạn như sử dụng biến công cụ và phân tích dọc.

Từ khóa

#giáo dục đại học #tự kinh doanh #quốc gia chuyển tiếp #mô hình probit #mô hình biprobit #biến công cụ #nội sinh #phân tích dọc

Tài liệu tham khảo

Alexeev, P., & Kaganovich, M. (1998). Return of human capital under uncertain reform: good guys finish last. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 37, 53–70. Álvarez, G., Lago, C., & Giráldez, M. (2013). Self-employment: transition and earnings differential. Revista de economía aplicada, 21, 61–90. Anderson, K., & Heyneman, S. (2005). Education and social policy in Central Asia: the next stage of the transition. Social Policy & Administration, 39, 361–380. Andriani, L. (2015). Tax morale and prosocial behaviour: evidence from a Palestinian survey. Cambridge Journal of Economics. doi:10.1093/cje/bev019. Ashenfelter, O., & Zimmerman, D. (1997). Estimates of the returns to schooling from sibling data: fathers, sons, and brothers. Review of Economics and Statistics, 79, 1–9. Axinn, W., & Barber, J. (2001). Mass education and fertility transition. American Sociological Review, 66, 481–505. Basmann, R. (1960). On finite sample distributions of generalized classical linear identifiability test statistics. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 55, 650–659. Bauer, M., & Chytilová, J. (2010). The impact of education on subjective discount rate in Ugandan villages. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 58, 643–669. Berkowitz, D., & DeJong, D. (2011). Growth in post-Soviet Russia: a tale of two transitions. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 79, 133–143. Bilić, A., Prka, A., & Vidović, G. (2011). How does education influence entrepreneurship orientation? Case study of Croatia Management. Journal of Contemporary Management Issues, 16, Article 4. Blackburn, M., & Neumark, D. (1993). Omitted-ability bias and the increase in the return to schooling. Journal of Labor Economics, 11, 521–544. Block, J., Hoogerheide, L., & Thurik, R. (2011). Education and entrepreneurial choice: an instrumental variables analysis. International Small Business Journal, 31, 23–33. Block, J., Hoogerheide, L., & Thurik, R. (2012). Are education and entrepreneurial income endogenous? a Bayesian analysis. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 2, 1–29. Boissin, J., Branchet, B., Emin, S., & Herbert, J. (2009). Students and entrepreneurship: a comparative study of France and the United States. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 22, 101–122. Cameron, C., & Trivedi, P. (2010). Microeconometrics using Stata. College Station: Stata Press. Cho, Y., Robalino, D., & Romero, J. (2015). Entering and Leaving Self-Employment: A Panel Data Analysis for 12 Developing Countries (No. 9358). IZA Discussion Papers. Christelis, D., & Fonseca, R. (2015). Labor market policies and self-employment transitions of older workers (No. 2015s-50). CIRANO. Cragg, J., & Donald, S. (1993). Testing identifiability and specification in instrumental variable models. Econometric Theory, 9, 222–240. Cramer, J., Hartog, J., Jonker, N., & Van Praag, C. (2002). Low risk aversion encourages the choice for entrepreneurship: an empirical test of a truism. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 48, 29–36. Currie, J., & Moretti, E. (2003). Mother’s education and the intergenerational transmission of human capital: Evidence from college openings. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118, 1495–1532. Davidsson, P., & Honig, B. (2003). The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 301–331. Dickson, P., Solomon, G., & Weaver, K. (2008). Entrepreneurial selection and success: does education matter? Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15, 239–258. Dutz, M., Kauffmann, C., Najarian, S., Sanfey, P., & Yemtsov, R. (2013). Labour market states, mobility and entrepreneurship in transition economies. Brazilian Journal of Business Economics, 4, 27–50. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. (2011). Life in transition after the crisis. London: EBRD. Farré, L., Klein, R., & Vella, F. (2012). Does increasing parents’ schooling raise the schooling of the next generation? evidence based on conditional second moments. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 74, 676–690. Fayolle, A., & Klandt, H. (2006). International entrepreneurship education - issues and newness. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. George, G., McGahan, A., & Prabhu, J. (2012). Innovation for inclusive growth: towards a theoretical framework and a research agenda. Journal of Management Studies, 49, 661–683. Gimeno, J., Folta, T., Cooper, A., & Woo, C. (1997). Survival of the fittest? Entrepreneurial human capital and the persistence of underperforming firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 750–783. Grilo, I., & Thurik, R. (2005). Latent and actual entrepreneurship in Europe and the US: some recent developments. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1, 441–459. Habibov, N. (2010). An intertemporal evolution of inequality in Azerbaijan: 1995-2002. Problems of Economic Transition, 52, 51–77. Habibov, N. (2012). How and why determinants of household welfare changed in Azerbaijan during the transition: lessons from national surveys. Problems of Economic Transition, 54, 3–52. Hamilton, B. (2000). Does entrepreneurship pay? an empirical analysis of the returns to self-employment. Journal of Political Economy, 108, 604–631. Heyneman, S. (2005). Post-graduate training and research in higher education management in Kazakhstan. Kazakh Journal on Higher Education, 3, 27–34. Heyneman, S. (2010). A comment on the changes in higher education in the former Soviet Union. European Education, 42, 76–87. Johansson, E. (2000). Self-employment and liquidity constraints: evidence from Finland. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 102, 123–134. Karpinska, K., Maas, I., & Jansen, W. (2012). Self-employment in post-communist economies: a cross-country comparison, 1996–2005. European Societies, 14, 684–703. Klaesson, J., & Larsson, J. P. (2014). Education and self-employment propensity (No. 345). Royal Institute of Technology, CESIS-Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies. Knapp, L., & Seaks, T. (1998). A Hausman test for a dummy variable in probit. Applied Economics Letters, 5, 321–323. Lazear, E. P. (2005). Entrepreneurship. Journal of Labor Economics, 23(4), 649–680. Lee, A. (1999). Empirical studies of self-employment. Journal of Economic Surveys, 13, 381–416. Lemke, R., & Rischall, I. (2003). Skill, parental income, and IV estimation of the returns to schooling. Applied Economics Letters, 10, 281–286. Masakure, O. (2015). Education and entrepreneurship in Canada: evidence from (repeated) cross-sectional data. Education Economics, 23, 693–712. McMillan, J., & Christopher, W. (2002). The central role of entrepreneurs in transition economies. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16, 153–170. McMullen, J. (2011). Delineating the domain of development entrepreneurship: a market-based approach to facilitating inclusive economic growth. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 35, 185–193. Mukaka, M. (2012). A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research. Malawi Medical Journal, 24, 69–71. Mussurov, A., & Arabsheibani, R. (2015). Informal self-employment in Kazakhstan. IZA Journal of Labor & Development, 4, 1–19. Nakhaie, R., Lin, X., & Guan, J. (2009). Social capital and the myth of minority self-employment: evidence from Canada. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35, 625–644. Nichols, A. (2007). Causal inference with observational data. Stata Journal, 7, 507–541. Nikolova, E., Ricka, F., & Simroth, D. (2012). Entrepreneurship in the transition region: an analysis based on the Life in Transition Survey. Working paper No. 114, London: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Parker, S. (2009). The economics of entrepreneurship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Parker, S., & Van Praag, C. (2006). Schooling, capital constraints, and entrepreneurial performance: the endogenous triangle. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 24, 416–431. Parker, S., & van Praag, C. (2010). Status and entrepreneurship. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 19, 919–945. Plug, E., & Vijverberg, W. (2003). Schooling, family background, and adoption: is it nature or is it nurture? Journal of Political Economy, 111, 611–641. Sabirianova, K. (2002). The great human capital relocation: an empirical analysis of occupational mobility in transition Russia. Journal of Comparative Economics, 30, 191–217. Sargan, J. (1958). The estimation of economic relationships using instrumental variables. Econometrica, 26, 393–415. Silova, I., Johnson, M., & Heyneman, S. (2007). Education and the crisis of social cohesion in Azerbaijan and Central Asia. Comparative Education Review, 51, 159–180. Stock, J., Wright, J., & Yogo, M. (2002). A survey of weak instruments and weak identification in generalized method of moments. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 20, 518–529. Tamasy, C. (2006). Determinants of regional entrepreneurship dynamics in contemporary Germany: a Conceptual and empirical analysis. Regional Studies, 40, 365–384. Tamvada, J. (2010). The Dynamics of Self-employment in a Developing Country: Evidence from India. MPRA Paper No. 20042. Uhlaner, L., & Thurik, A. (2004). Post-materialism as a cultural factor influencing entrepreneurial activity across nations: a cultural factor influencing total entrepreneurial activity across nations. Papers on entrepreneurship, growth and public policy, (07/2004). Vakhitova, H., & Coupe, T. (2014). The relationship between education and labor market opportunities: the case of Ukraine. Free Policy Brief Series. March 2014. Van der Sluis, J., Van Praag, M., & Vijverberg, W. (2008). Education and entrepreneurship selection and performance: a review of the empirical literature. Journal of Economic Surveys, 22, 795–841. van der Zwan, P., Zuurhout, P., & Hessels, J. (2013). Entrepreneurship education and self-employment: The role of perceived barriers. Zoetermeer: Panteia/EIM Business and Policy Research. Winship, C., & Morgan, S. (1999). The estimation of causal effects from observational data. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 659–706.