What has the Trolley Dilemma ever done for us (and what will it do in the future)? On some recent debates about the ethics of self-driving cars
Tóm tắt
Self-driving cars currently face a lot of technological problems that need to be solved before the cars can be widely used. However, they also face ethical problems, among which the question of crash-optimization algorithms is most prominently discussed. Reviewing current debates about whether we should use the ethics of the Trolley Dilemma as a guide towards designing self-driving cars will provide us with insights about what exactly ethical research does. It will result in the view that although we need the ethics of the Trolley Dilemma as important input for self-driving cars, the route towards simply implementing it into automated cars is blocked.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bonnefon, J.-F., Shariff, A., & Rahwan, I. (2016). The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles. Science, 352(6293), 1573–1576.
Brandom, R. (2016). Who will you decide to kill with your self-driving car? Let’s find out! The Verge. Retrieved August 31, 2016 from http://www.theverge.com/2016/8/9/12412190/moral-machine-trolley-problem-self-driving-car.
Brennan, J., & Jaworski, P. M. (2016). Markets without limits. Moral virtues and commercial interests. New York: Routledge.
Collingridge, D. (1980). The social control of technology. London: Frances Pinter.
Ethikkommission. (2017). Automatisiertes und vernetztes Fahren. Retrieved from http://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/DE/Anlage/Presse/084-dobrindt-bericht-der-ethik-kommission.pdf?__blob=publicationFile.
Foot, P. (1967). The problem of abortion and the doctrine of double effect. Oxford Review, 5, 5–15.
Greene, J. (2013). Moral tribes: Emotion, reason, and the gap between us and them. New York: Penguin.
Hevelke, A., & Nida-Rümelin, J. (2015). Selbstfahrende Autos und Trolley-Probleme: Zum Aufrechnen von Menschenleben im Falle unausweichlicher Unfälle. Jahrbuch für Wissenschaft und Ethik, 19(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1515/jwiet-2015-0103.
Joyce, R. (2006). The evolution of morality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kamm, F. (2015). The trolley mysteries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Knobe, J. (2003). Intentional action and side effects in ordinary language. Analysis, 63, 190–193.
Knobe, J. (2008). The concept of intentional action. A case study in the uses of folk psychology. In J. Knobe & S. Nichols (Eds.), Experimental philosophy (pp. 129–148). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lin, P. (2013, October 8). The ethics of autonomous cars. The Atlantic. Retrieved August 31, 2016 from http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/10/the-ethics-of-autonomous-cars/280360/.
Lin, P. (2014). The robot car of tomorrow may just be programmed to hit you. Wired. Retrieved from https://www.wired.com/2014/05/the-robot-car-of-tomorrow-might-just-be-programmed-to-hit-you/.
Lin, P. (2016). Why ethics matters for autonomous driving. In M. Maurer, J. C. Gerdes, B. Lenz & H. Winner (Eds.), Autonomous driving. Technical, legal and social aspects (pp. 69–85). Berlin: Springer.
Liu, H.-Y. (2016). Structural discrimination and autonomous vehicles: Immunity devices, trump cards and crash optimisation. In J. Seibt, M. Norskov & S. Schack Andersen (Eds.), What social robots can and should do (pp. 164–173). Amsterdam: IOS Press.
Malle, B. F. (2015). Integrating robot ethics and machine morality: The study and design of moral competence in robots. Ethics and Information Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-015-9367-8.
Malle, B. F., Scheutz, M., Arnold, T., Voiklis, J., & Cusimano, C. (2015). Sacrifice one for the good of many? People apply different moral norms to human and robot agents. Paper presented at the HRI 15, Portland, OG, USA.
Maurer, M., Gerdes, J. C., Lenz, B., & Winner, H. (Eds.). (2015). Autonomes Fahren. Technische, rechtliche und gesellschaftliche Aspekte. Berlin: Springer Vieweg.
Mikhail, J. (2013). Elements of moral cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Millar, J. (2014, June 11). An ethical dilemma: When robot cars must kill, who should pick the victim? robohub.org. Retrieved August 31, 2016 from http://robohub.org/an-ethical-dilemma-when-robot-cars-must-kill-who-should-pick-the-victim/.
Mittelstadt, B. D., Allo, P., Taddeo, M., Wachter, S., & Floridi, L. (2016). The ethics of algorithms: Mapping the debate. Big Data & Society, 3(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716679679.
Navarette, C. D., MacDonald, M. M., Mott, M. L., & Asher, B. (2012). Virtual morality: Emotion and action in a simulated three-dimensional “Trolley problem”. Emotion, 12(2), 364–370.
Nyholm, S., & Smids, J. (2016). The ethics of accident-algorithms for self-driving cars: An applied trolley problem? Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 19(5), 1275–1289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-016-9745-2.
Pan, X., & Slater, M. (2011a). Confronting a moral dilemma in virtual reality: A pilot study. In HCI 2011, the 25th BCS Conference on Human Computer Interaction, July 4–8, 2011, Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2011.
Pan, X., & Slater, M. (2011b). Computer-based video and virtual environments in the study of the role of emotions in moral behavior. In S. D’Mello, A. Graesser, B. Schuller, & J.-C. Martin (Eds.), Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction. Fourth International Conference ACII 2011, October 9–12, 2011, Proceedings Part II, Memphis, TN, USA, 2011 (pp. 52–61).
Pan, X., & Slater, M. (2011c). Should you push the switch, and would you? An experimental study on a moral dilemma in virtual reality. Paper presented at the Moral Emotions and Intuitions (MEI), The Hague, Netherlands.
Smith, B. W. (2015, January 12). Slow down that runaway ethical trolley. CIS Blog (Vol. 2016). Retrieved August 31, 2016 from https://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/blog/2015/01/slow-down-runaway-ethical-trolley.
Society of Automotive Engineers. (2016). Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to driving automation systems for on-road motor vehicles (J3016_201609): SAE International.
Thierer, A. (2015, January 13). Making sure the “trolley problem” doesn’t derail live-saving innovation. The Technology Liberation Front. Retrieved August 31, 2016 from https://techliberation.com/2015/01/13/making-sure-the-trolley-problem-doesnt-derail-life-saving-innovation/.
Thierer, A. (2016). Permissionless innovation. The continuing case for comprehensive technological freedom. Revised and expanded edition. Arlington, VA: Mercatus Center at George Mason University.
Thomson, J. J. (1985). The trolley problem. Yale Law Journal, 94(5), 1395–1515.
Thomson, J. J. (2008). Turning the trolley. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 36(4), 359–374.
Wolkenstein, A. (2017a). Automation without limits. Retrieved from https://andreaswolkenstein.com/2017/07/04/automation-without-limits/.
Wolkenstein, A. (2017b). Verrechnungsverbot, Autonomie und politische Ethik. Über drei Probleme mit den ethischen Regeln für das autonome Fahren. Retrieved from https://andreaswolkenstein.net/2017/06/23/verrechnungsverbot-autonomie-und-politische-ethik-ueber-drei-probleme-mit-den-ethischen-regeln-fuer-das-autonome-fahren/.