Đại dịch COVID-19 đã dạy chúng ta điều gì về chuỗi giá trị toàn cầu? Trường hợp của các vật tư y tế

Journal of International Business Policy - Tập 3 - Trang 287-301 - 2020
Gary Gereffi1
1Sociology Department, Duke University, Durham, USA

Tóm tắt

Đại dịch COVID-19 đã gây ra tình trạng thiếu hụt nghiêm trọng về các vật tư y tế cần thiết để điều trị virus do sự gia tăng nhu cầu mạnh mẽ khi căn bệnh lan rộng ra toàn cầu trong nửa đầu năm 2020. Trước khi xảy ra khủng hoảng, có sự phụ thuộc lẫn nhau giữa thương mại và sản xuất các vật tư y tế, với các quốc gia công nghiệp phát triển như Hoa Kỳ và Đức chuyên ngành về lĩnh vực thiết bị y tế công nghệ cao tương đối, trong khi các trung tâm sản xuất chi phí thấp như Trung Quốc và Malaysia là những nhà sản xuất hàng đầu về các sản phẩm thiết bị bảo hộ cá nhân (PPE) ít công nghệ phức tạp hơn như khẩu trang, găng tay phẫu thuật, và áo choàng y tế. Sau khi bùng phát COVID-19, tình trạng thiếu hụt PPE đã xuất hiện trên toàn cầu khi nhiều quốc gia bị ảnh hưởng áp dụng các biện pháp kiểm soát xuất khẩu và tìm kiếm cách tăng cường sản xuất trong nước. Một nghiên cứu tình huống về chuỗi giá trị khẩu trang ở Hoa Kỳ cho thấy sự không đồng bộ giữa các ưu tiên của các quan chức chính phủ liên bang Hoa Kỳ và các chiến lược của các nhà sản xuất đa quốc gia hàng đầu của Hoa Kỳ về khẩu trang, điều này dẫn đến những trì hoãn chính sách tốn kém một cách đặc biệt về mặt kết quả sức khỏe. Tóm lại, sự thiếu hụt khẩu trang N95 của Hoa Kỳ trong đại dịch COVID-19 chủ yếu là một thất bại về chính sách hơn là một thất bại của thị trường. Khung chuỗi giá trị toàn cầu làm nổi bật các lựa chọn chiến lược có thể dẫn đến các chuỗi cung ứng bền vững hơn và mô hình cung ứng đa dạng hơn.

Từ khóa

#COVID-19 #chuỗi giá trị toàn cầu #vật tư y tế #khẩu trang #thiết bị bảo hộ cá nhân #chính sách #sản xuất

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