What causes seasonality of birth in schizophrenia?

Bargagli, 2000, Trace metals in Antarctica related to climate change and increasing human impact, Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 166, 129 Barr, 1990, Exposure to influenza epidemics during gestation and adult schizophrenia, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 47, 869, 10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810210077012 Bates, 2002, Selenium status and its correlates in a British national diet and nutrition survey: people aged 65 years and over, J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 16, 1, 10.1016/S0946-672X(02)80002-5 Belcher, 2001, Estrogenic actions in the brain: estrogen, phytoestrogens, and rapid intracellular signaling mechanisms, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 299, 408 Berk, 1996, Season of birth and schizophrenia: southern hemisphere data, Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry, 30, 220, 10.3109/00048679609076097 Berry, 1994, A selenium transport protein model of a subtype of schizophrenia, Med. Hypotheses, 43, 409, 10.1016/0306-9877(94)90017-5 Bourgeois, 1990, Survey on the seasonal changes in the birth of patients with schizophrenia, Ann. Med. Psychol. (Paris), 148, 698 Brown, 1994, Role of selenium and other trace elements in the geography of schizophrenia, Schizophr. Bull., 20, 387, 10.1093/schbul/20.2.387 Brown, 2002, In utero infection and adult schizophrenia, Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev., 8, 51, 10.1002/mrdd.10004 Brown, 1996, Neurobiological plausibility of prenatal nutritional deprivation as a risk factor for schizophrenia, J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 184, 71, 10.1097/00005053-199602000-00003 Brown, 2000, Nonaffective psychosis after prenatal exposure to rubella, Am. J. Psychiatry, 157, 438, 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.3.438 Brown, 2001, Prenatal rubella, premorbid abnormalities, and adult schizophrenia, Biol. Psychiatry, 49, 473, 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01068-X Brown, 2002, Paternal age and risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring, Am. J. Psychiatry, 159, 1528, 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1528 Buck, 1978, Season of birth among the sibs of schizophrenics, Br. J. Psychiatry, 132, 358, 10.1192/bjp.133.4.358 Bunney, 1997, Neuropathological studies of brain tissue in schizophrenia, J. Psychiatr. Res., 31, 159, 10.1016/S0022-3956(96)00038-6 Cannon, 1996, Prenatal exposure to the 1957 influenza epidemic and adult schizophrenia: a follow-up study, Br. J. Psychiatry, 168, 368, 10.1192/bjp.168.3.368 Cannon, 2002, Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: historical and meta-analytic review, Am. J. Psychiatry, 159, 1080, 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1080 Cappelli-Bigazzi, 1997, Ceruloplasmin impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation of rabbit aorta, Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 273, H2843, 10.1152/ajpheart.1997.273.6.H2843 Castle, 1995, Gender differences in schizophrenia: hormonal effect of subtypes?, Schizophr. Bull., 21, 1, 10.1093/schbul/21.1.1 Chen, 1996, Month of birth and schizophrenia in Taiwan: effect of gender, family history and age at onset, Schizophr. Res., 20, 133, 10.1016/0920-9964(95)00072-0 Cotter, 1995, Does prenatal exposure to influenza in mice induce pyramidal cell disarray in the dorsal hippocampus?, Schizophr. Res., 16, 233, 10.1016/0920-9964(94)E0082-I Crow, 1992, Prenatal exposure to influenza does not cause schizophrenia, Br. J. Psychiatry, 161, 390, 10.1192/bjp.161.3.390 Dalén, P., 1975. Season of Birth: A Study of Schizophrenia and Other Mental Disorders. North-Holland/American Elsevier, New York. d’Amoto, 1996, No season-of-birth effect in schizophrenic patients from a tropical island in the Southern Hemisphere, Psychiatry Res., 60, 205, 10.1016/0165-1781(96)02794-1 Das, 2000, HLA transgenic mice as models of human autoimmune diseases, Rev. Immunogenet., 2, 105 DeLisi, 1989, Gender differences in the brain: are they relevant to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia?, Compr. Psychiatry, 30, 197, 10.1016/0010-440X(89)90038-2 de Messias, 2001, Schizophrenia and season of birth in a tropical region: relationship to rainfall, Schizophr. Res., 48, 227, 10.1016/S0920-9964(00)00058-X de Sauvage Nolting, 1954, Vitamin C and the schizophrenic syndrome, Folia Psychiatr. Neurol. Neurochir. Neerlandica, 57, 347 Dowell, 2001, Seasonal variation in host susceptibility and cycles of certain infectious diseases, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 7, 369, 10.3201/eid0703.017301 Ede, 1985, The seasonality of schizophrenic births in Alberta, Am. J. Orthopsychiatry, 55, 451, 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1985.tb03463.x Ehrstrom, 1998, Cooling and asphyxia differently affect augmented noradrenaline turnover in the brain of the externalized rat foetus, Acta Physiol. Scand., 163, 385, 10.1046/j.1365-201X.1998.t01-1-00354.x Fahy, 1992, Schizophrenia in Afro-Caribbeans in the UK following prenatal exposure to the 1957 A2 influenza epidemic, Abstr. Schizophr. Res., 6, 98, 10.1016/0920-9964(92)90104-D Fatemi, 1999, Defective corticogenesis and reduction in Reelin immunoreactivity in cortex and hippocampus of prenatally infected neonatal mice, Mol. Psychiatry, 4, 145, 10.1038/sj.mp.4000520 Fatemi, 2000, Prenatal viral infection causes alterations in nNOS expression in developing mouse brains, NeuroReport, 11, 1493, 10.1097/00001756-200005150-00027 Fatemi, 2002, Human influenza viral infection in utero alters glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the developing brains of mice, Mol. Psychiatry, 7, 633, 10.1038/sj.mp.4001046 Foster, 1988, The geography of schizophrenia: possible links with selenium and calcium deficiencies, inadequate exposure to sunlight and industrilalization, J. Orthomol. Med., 3, 135 Garcia Hindebrandt, 1992, Estacionalidad del naciminento en esquizofrenicos de Lima y Callo (Peru)—un studio en el Hemisferio Sur [Seasonality of births in schizophrenics from Lima and Callao (Peru)—a study in the Southern Hemisphere], Ann. Salud Ment., VIII, 69 Gibson, 1989, Seasonal variations in hair zinc concentrations in Canadian and African children, Sci. Total Environ., 84, 291, 10.1016/0048-9697(89)90391-4 Hafner, 1998, Causes and consequences of the gender difference in age at onset of schizophrenia, Schizophr. Bull., 24, 99, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033317 Hare, 1976, The season of birth of psychiatric patients, Br. J. Psychiatry, 129, 49, 10.1192/bjp.129.1.49 Hare, 1986, Aspects of the epidemiology of schizophrenia, Br. J. Psychiatry, 149, 554, 10.1192/bjp.149.5.554 Hare, 1981, A relation between seasonal temperature and the birth rate of schizophrenic patients, Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 63, 396, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1981.tb00687.x Holliday, 1990, Mechanisms for the control of gene activity during development, Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc., 65, 431, 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1990.tb01233.x Huntington, E., 1938. Season of Birth: Its Relation to Human Abilities. Wiley, New York. Imai-Matsumura, 1990, Maternal thermal stimulation changes metabolic activity in fetal hypothalamus, Brain Res., 513, 295, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90470-V Izumoto, 1999, Schizophrenia and the influenza epidemics of 1957 in Japan, Biol. Psychiatry, 46, 119, 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00359-X Johnson, 2001, Micronutrient accumulation and depletion in schizophrenia, epilepsy, autism and Parkinson’s disease?, Med. Hypotheses, 56, 641, 10.1054/mehy.2000.1302 Kato, 2002, Molecular genetic studies of schizophrenia: challenges and insights, Neurosci. Res., 43, 295, 10.1016/S0168-0102(02)00064-0 Kendell, 1989, Maternal influenza in the etiology of schizophrenia, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 46, 878, 10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810100020004 Kim, 1994, Month of birth and schizophrenia in Korea. Sex, family history, and handedness, Br. J. Psychiatry, 164, 829, 10.1192/bjp.164.6.829 King, 1985, Serum and CSF antibody titers to seven common viruses in schizophrenic patients, Br. J. Psychiatry, 147, 145, 10.1192/bjp.147.2.145 Konstantinova, 1991, Do the copper complexes of histamine, histidine and two H2-antagonists react with O2?, Free Radic. Res. Commun., 12-13, 215, 10.3109/10715769109145789 Kunugi, 1995, Schizophrenia following in utero exposure to the 1957 influenza epidemics in Japan, Am. J. Psychiatry, 152, 450, 10.1176/ajp.152.3.450 Kunugi, 1997, Season of birth of schizophrenics in a recent Japanese sample, Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 51, 213, 10.1111/j.1440-1819.1997.tb02585.x Lam, 2002, Modeling seasonality in fecundability, conceptions, and births, Demography, 31, 321, 10.2307/2061888 Larson, 1976, Birth month of schizophrenics and their sibs, IRCS Med. Sci.: Anat. Hum. Biol. Psychol. Psychiatry Soc. Occup. Med., 4, 56 Lewis, 1989, Age incidence and schizophrenia. Part I. The season of birth controversy, Schizophr. Bull., 15, 59, 10.1093/schbul/15.1.59 Lewis, 1981, An explanation for the season of birth effect in schizophrenia and certain other diseases, Psychol. Bull., 89, 589, 10.1037/0033-2909.89.3.589 Lewis, 1992, Schizophrenia and city life, Lancet, 340, 137, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)93213-7 London, 1993, Hypopigmentaiton, anomalous cerebral dominance and seasonality, Med. Hypotheses, 41, 499, 10.1016/0306-9877(93)90103-W Malaspina, 2001, Advancing paternal age and the risk of schizophrenia, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 58, 361, 10.1001/archpsyc.58.4.361 McGrath, 1995, Month of birth, hemisphere of birth and schizophrenia, Br. J. Psychiatry, 167, 783, 10.1192/bjp.167.6.783 McGrath, 2002, Long-term trends in sunshine duration and its association with schizophrenia birth rates and age at first registration—data from Australia and The Netherlands, Schizophr. Res., 54, 199, 10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00259-6 McGuffin, 1994, The strength of the genetic effect. Is there room for an environmental influence in the aetiology of schizophrenia, Br. J. Psychiatry, 164, 593, 10.1192/bjp.164.5.593 McNeil, 1975, Birthrates of schizophrenics following relatively warm versus relatively cool summers, Arch. Psychiatr. Nervenkr., 221, 1, 10.1007/BF00350190 McNeil, 1976, Season of birth among siblings of schizophrenics: a test of the parental conception habits interpretation, Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 54, 267, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1976.tb00120.x Mednick, 1988, Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 45, 189, 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800260109013 Mino, 2000, No relationship between schizophrenic birth and influenza epidemics in Japan, J. Psychiatr. Res., 34, 133, 10.1016/S0022-3956(00)00003-0 Mody, 2001, Genome-wide gene expression profiles of the developing mouse hippocampus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 98, 8862, 10.1073/pnas.141244998 Morgan, 1997, Influenza epidemics and incidence of schizophrenia, affective disorders and mental retardation in Western Australia: no evidence of a major effect, Schizophr. Res., 26, 25, 10.1016/S0920-9964(97)00033-9 Mortensen, 1999, Effects of family history and place and season of birth on the risk of schizophrenia, N. Engl. J. Med., 340, 603, 10.1056/NEJM199902253400803 Murray, 2000, Season and outdoor ambient temperature: effects on birth weight, Obstet. Gynecol., 96, 689 Naumenko, 1985, Stress in early ontogenesis and reactivity of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system in adult rats, Endocrinol. Exp., 19, 171 O’Callaghan, 1991, Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to 1957 A2 influenza epidemic, Lancet, 337, 1248, 10.1016/0140-6736(91)92919-S O’Callaghan, 1994, The relationship of schizophrenic births to 16 infectious diseases, Br. J. Psychiatry, 165, 353, 10.1192/bjp.165.3.353 O’Callaghan, 1995, Confinement of winter birth excess in schizophrenia to the urban-born and its gender specificity, Br. J. Psychiatry, 166, 51, 10.1192/bjp.166.1.51 Pallast, 1994, Excess seasonality of births among patients with schizophrenia and seasonal ovopathy, Schizophr. Bull., 20, 269, 10.1093/schbul/20.2.269 Parker, 2000, Season of birth in schizophrenia: no latitude at the equator, Br. J. Psychiatry, 176, 68, 10.1192/bjp.176.1.68 Pasamanick, B., 1961. Epidemiologic investigations of some prenatal factors in the production of neuropsychiatric disorder. In: Hoch, P.H., Zubin, J. (Eds.), Comparative Epidemiology of the Mental Disorders. Grune and Stratton, New York, pp. 260–275. Pedersen, 2001, Evidence of a dose–response relationship between urbanicity during upbringing and schizophrenia risk, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 58, 1039, 10.1001/archpsyc.58.11.1039 Petronis, 2001, Human morbid genetics revisited: relevance of epigenetics, Trends Genet., 59, 905 Petronis, 1999, Schizophrenia: an epigenetic puzzle?, Schizophr. Bull., 25, 639, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033408 Pulver, 1992, Season of birth of siblings of schizophrenic patients, Br. J. Psychiatry, 160, 71, 10.1192/bjp.160.1.71 Rice, 2000, Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: evidence from humans and animal models, Environ. Health Perspect., 108, 511 Rojansky, 1992, Seasonality in human reproduction: an update, Hum. Reprod., 7, 735, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137729 Selten, 1994, Second-trimester exposure to 1957 A-2 influenza epidemic is not a risk factor for schizophrenia, Abstr. Schizophr. Res., 11, 95 Selten, 1998, Prenatal exposure to influenza and schizophrenia in Surinamese and Dutch Antillean immigrants to The Netherlands, Schizophr. Res., 30, 101, 10.1016/S0920-9964(97)00105-9 Selten, 1999, Prenatal exposure to the 1957 influenza pandemic and non-affective psychosis in The Netherlands, Schizophr. Res., 38, 85, 10.1016/S0920-9964(99)00005-5 Selten, 2000, Seasonality of schizophrenia and stillbirths in The Netherlands, Schizophr. Res., 44, 105, 10.1016/S0920-9964(99)00202-9 Shahar, 1999, Changes in dietary intake account for seasonal changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors, Eur. J. Clin Nutr., 53, 395, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600761 Sham, 1993, Risk of schizophrenia and age difference with older siblings: evidence for a maternal viral infection hypothesis?, Br. J. Psychiatry, 163, 627, 10.1192/bjp.163.5.627 Smoot, 2001, Global differential gene expression in response to growth temperature alteration in group A Streptococcus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 98, 10416, 10.1073/pnas.191267598 Susser, 1992, Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944–1945, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 49, 983, 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820120071010 Susser, 1994, No relation between risk of schizophrenia and prenatal exposure to influenza in Holland, Am. J. Psychiatry, 151, 922, 10.1176/ajp.151.6.922 Susser, 1996, Schizophrenia after prenatal famine: further evidence, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 53, 25, 10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830010027005 Susser, 1998, Neurodevelopmental disorders after prenatal famine: the story of the Dutch Famine Study, Am. J. Epidemiol., 147, 213, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009439 Suvisaari, 1999, Association between prenatal exposure to poliovirus infection and adult schizophrenia, Am. J. Psychiatry, 156, 1100, 10.1176/ajp.156.7.1100 Suvisaari, 2001, Season of birth among patients with schizophrenia and their siblings: evidence for the procreational habits hypothesis, Am. J. Psychiatry, 158, 754, 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.5.754 Takei, 1995, Schizophrenia: increased risk associated with winter and city birth—a case-controlled study in 12 regions within England and Wales, J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 49, 106, 10.1136/jech.49.1.106 Takei, 1995, Maternal exposure to influenza and risk of schizophrenia: a 22-year study from The Netherlands, J. Psychiatr. Res., 29, 435, 10.1016/0022-3956(95)00031-3 Takei, 1996, Relationship between in-utero exposure to influenza epidemics and risk of schizophrenia in Denmark, Biol. Psychiatry, 40, 817, 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00592-7 Tatsumi, 2002, Season of birth in Japanese patients with schizophrenia, Schizophr. Res., 54, 213, 10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00204-3 Tawfeek, 2002, Effect of maternal dietary vitamin C intake on the level of vitamin C in breastmilk among nursing mother in Baghdad, Iraq, Food Nutr. Bull., 23, 244, 10.1177/156482650202300302 Thane, 2002, Plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K1) concentration and its relationship to intake in a national sample of British elderly people, Br. J. Nutr., 87, 615, 10.1079/BJN2002582 Thiery, 2002, Neuroendocrine interactions and seasonality, Domest. Anim. Endocrinol., 23, 87, 10.1016/S0739-7240(02)00148-0 Torrey, E.F., 1989. The epidemiology of schizophrenia: questions needing answers. In: Schulz, S.C., Tamminga, C.A. (Eds.), Schizophrenia: Scientific Progress. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 45–51. Torrey, 1979, A shifting seasonality of schizophrenic births, Br. J. Psychiatry, 134, 183, 10.1192/bjp.134.2.183 Torrey, 1995, Could schizophrenia be a viral zoonosis transmitted from house cats?, Schizophr. Bull., 21, 167, 10.1093/schbul/21.2.167 Torrey, 1977, Seasonality of schizophrenic births in the United States, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 34, 1065, 10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770210079007 Torrey, 1978, Immunoglobulins and viral antibodies in psychiatric patients, Br. J. Psychiatry, 132, 342, 10.1192/bjp.132.4.342 Torrey, 1988, Schizophrenic births and viral diseases in two states, Schizophr. Res., 1, 73, 10.1016/0920-9964(88)90043-6 Torrey, E.F., Bowler, A.E., Rawlings, R., 1991. An influenza epidemic and the seasonality of schizophrenic births. In: Kurstak, E. (Ed.), Psychiatry and Biological Factors. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 109–116. Torrey, 1993, Seasonality of schizophrenia and stillbirths, Schizophr. Bull., 19, 557, 10.1093/schbul/19.3.557 Torrey, 1996, Birth seasonality in bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and stillbirths, Schizophr. Res., 25, 169, 10.1016/S0920-9964(97)00020-0 Torrey, 1997, Urban birth and residence as risk factors for psychoses: an analysis of 1880 data, Schizophr. Res., 25, 169, 10.1016/S0920-9964(97)00020-0 Torrey, 1997, Seasonality of birth in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review of the literature, Schizophr. Res., 28, 1, 10.1016/S0920-9964(97)00092-3 Tramer, 1929, Uber die biologische Bedeutung des Geburtsmonates, insbesondere fur die Psychoseerkrankung, Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr., 24, 17 van Os, 1998, Prenatal exposure to maternal stress and subsequent schizophrenia. The May 1940 invasion of The Netherlands, Br. J. Psychiatry, 172, 324, 10.1192/bjp.172.4.324 van Os, 2000, Association between cerebral structural abnormalities and dermatoglyphic ridge counts in schizophrenia, Compr. Psychiatry, 41, 380, 10.1053/comp.2000.8999 Verdoux, 1997, Seasonality of birth in schizophrenia: the effect of regional population density, Schizophr. Res., 23, 175, 10.1016/S0920-9964(96)00096-5 Watanabe, 1999, In utero exposure to mehtylmercury and Se deficiency converge on the neurobehavioral outcome in mice, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 21, 83, 10.1016/S0892-0362(98)00036-1 Watson, 1984, Schizophrenic birth seasonality in relation to the incidence of infectious disease and temperature extremes, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 41, 85, 10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790120089011 Wehr, 2001, Photoperiodism in humans and other primates: evidence and implications, J. Biol. Rhythms, 16, 348, 10.1177/074873001129002060 Welham, 1993, Schizophrenia: birthrates and three Australian epidemics, Abstr. Schizophr. Res., 9, 142 Westergaard, 1999, Exposure to prenatal and childhood infections and the risk of schizophrenia, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 56, 993, 10.1001/archpsyc.56.11.993 Wright, 1995, Maternal influenza, obstetric complications, and schizophrenia, Am. J. Psychiatry, 152, 1714, 10.1176/ajp.152.12.1714 Xu, 2001, Seasonality of growth in Shanghai infants (n = 4128) born in 11 consecutive years, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 55, 714, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601212 Yolken, 1995, Viruses, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, Clin. Micro. Rev., 8, 131, 10.1128/CMR.8.1.131