What can we hope to gain for trypanosomiasis control from molecular studies on tsetse biology ?
Tóm tắt
At times of crisis when epidemics rage and begin to take their toll on affected populations, as we have been witnessing with African trypanosomiasis in subSahara, the dichotomy of basic versus applied research deepens. While undoubtedly the treatment of thousands of infected people is the top priority, without continued research and development on the biology of disease agents and on ecological and evolutionary forces impacting these epidemics, little progress can be gained in the long run for the eventual control of these diseases. Here, we argue the need for additional research in one under-investigated area, that is the biology of the tsetse vector. Lacking are studies aimed to understand the genetic and cellular basis of tsetse interactions with trypanosomes as well as the genetic and biochemical basis of its ability to transmit these parasites. We discuss how this knowledge has the potential to contribute to the development of new vector control strategies as well as to improve the efficacy and affordability of the existing control approaches.
Tài liệu tham khảo
citation_title=Drug Companies and Third World: A case study in neglect.; citation_inbook_title=New York Times; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=1; citation_id=CR1; citation_author=D McNeil
citation_journal_title=Experimental Parasitology; citation_title=Trypanosoma brucei: comparison of circulating strains in an endemic and an epidemic area of a sleeping sickness focus.; citation_author=G Hide, S Angus, P Holmes, I Maudlin, S Welburn; citation_volume=89; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=21-9; citation_doi=10.1006/expr.1998.4265; citation_id=CR2
citation_title=Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Research and Development since 1980: an Economic Analysis.; citation_inbook_title=UK; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_id=CR3; citation_author=LT Budd
citation_journal_title=Science; citation_title=Research ethics. Managing risks of arthropod vector research.; citation_author=KS Aultman, ED Walker, F Gifford, DW Severson, CB Beard, TW Scott; citation_volume=288; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=2321-2; citation_doi=10.1126/science.288.5475.2321; citation_id=CR4
citation_journal_title=Parasitology Today; citation_title=Tsetse: a haven for microorganisms.; citation_author=S Aksoy; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=114-119; citation_doi=10.1016/S0169-4758(99)01606-3; citation_id=CR5
citation_journal_title=Insect Biochem Mol Biol; citation_title=Mosquito immune responses and malaria transmission: lessons from insect model systems and implications for vertebrate innate immunity and vaccine development.; citation_author=C Barillas-Mury, B Wizel, YS Han; citation_volume=30; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=429-42; citation_doi=10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00018-7; citation_id=CR6
citation_journal_title=Curr Opin Immunol; citation_title=Innate immune defense against malaria infection in the mosquito.; citation_author=G Dimopoulos, HM Muller, EA Levashina, FC Kafatos; citation_volume=13; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=79-88; citation_doi=10.1016/S0952-7915(00)00186-2; citation_id=CR7
citation_journal_title=Proc Natl Acad Sci; citation_title=Molecular immune responses of the mosquito Anopheles gambiaeto bacteria and malaria parasites.; citation_author=G Dimopoulos, A Richman, HM Muller, FC Kafatos; citation_volume=94; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=11508-13; citation_doi=10.1073/pnas.94.21.11508; citation_id=CR8
citation_journal_title=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; citation_title=Midgut-specific immune molecules are produced by the blood-sucking insect Stomoxys calcitrans.; citation_author=MJ Lehane, D Wu, SM Lehane; citation_volume=94; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=11502-11507; citation_doi=10.1073/pnas.94.21.11502; citation_id=CR9
citation_journal_title=Parasitology; citation_title=Grouping of trypanosome species in mixed infections in Glossina pallidipes.; citation_author=MJ Lehane, AR Msangi, CJ Whitaker, SM Lehane; citation_volume=120; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=583-92; citation_doi=10.1017/S0031182099005983; citation_id=CR10
citation_journal_title=Acta Trop; citation_title=Factors influencing the prevalence of trypanosome infection of Glossina pallidipeson the Ruvu flood plain of Eastern Tanzania.; citation_author=AR Msangi, CJ Whitaker, MJ Lehane; citation_volume=70; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=143-55; citation_doi=10.1016/S0001-706X(98)00013-8; citation_id=CR11
citation_journal_title=Int J Parasitol; citation_title=Trypanosome infections of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipesin the Luangwa Valley, Zambia.; citation_author=ME Woolhouse, K Bealby, JJ McNamara, J Silutongwe; citation_volume=24; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=987-93; citation_doi=10.1016/0020-7519(94)90164-3; citation_id=CR12
citation_journal_title=Med Vet Entomol; citation_title=A study on the maturation of procyclic Trypanosoma brucei brucei in Glossina morsitans centralis and G. brevipalpis.; citation_author=SK Moloo, JM Kabata, CL Sabwa; citation_volume=8; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=369-74; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00100.x; citation_id=CR13
citation_journal_title=Trop Med Parasitol; citation_title=Comparative study on the susceptibility of different Glossina species to Trypanosoma brucei bruceiinfection.; citation_author=SK Moloo, SB Kutuza; citation_volume=39; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_pages=211-3; citation_id=CR14
citation_journal_title=Med Vet Entomol; citation_title=Comparative study on the infection rates of different laboratory strains of Glossina species by Trypanosoma congolense.; citation_author=SK Moloo, SB Kutuza; citation_volume=2; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_pages=253-7; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1365-2915.1988.tb00192.x; citation_id=CR15
citation_journal_title=Acta Trop; citation_title=Vector competence of Glossina pallidipes and G. morsitans centralis for Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense and T. b. brucei.; citation_author=SK Moloo, CL Sabwa, JM Kabata; citation_volume=51; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_pages=271-80; citation_doi=10.1016/0001-706X(92)90045-Y; citation_id=CR16
citation_journal_title=Parasitology Today; citation_title=Tsetse-trypanosome interactions: Rites of Passage.; citation_author=S Welburn, I Maudlin; citation_volume=15; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=399-403; citation_doi=10.1016/S0169-4758(99)01512-4; citation_id=CR17
citation_journal_title=Journal of Cell Biology; citation_title=Survival of Trypanosoma bruceiin the tsetse fly is enhanced by the expression of specific forms of procyclin.; citation_author=S Ruepp, A Firger, U Kurath, C Renggli, A Hemphill, R Brun, I Roditi; citation_volume=137; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=1369-1379; citation_doi=10.1083/jcb.137.6.1369; citation_id=CR18
citation_journal_title=Proc Natl Acad Sci; citation_title=The surface coat of procyclic Trypanosoma brucei: programmed expression and proteolytic cleavage of procyclin in the tsetse fly.; citation_author=A Acosta-Serrano, E Vassella, M Liniger, C Kunz Renggli, R Brun, I Roditi, PT Englund; citation_volume=98; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=1513-8; citation_doi=10.1073/pnas.98.4.1513; citation_id=CR19
citation_journal_title=Cell Death and Differentiation; citation_title=Apoptosis in procyclic Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in vitro.; citation_author=S Welburn, C Dale, D Ellis, R Beecroft, T Pearson; citation_volume=3; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=229-236; citation_id=CR20
citation_journal_title=Mol Biochem Parasitol; citation_title=Genetic exchange in Trypanosoma brucei: selection of hybrid trypanosomes by introduction of genes conferring drug resistance.; citation_author=W Gibson, H Whittington; citation_volume=60; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=19-26; citation_doi=10.1016/0166-6851(93)90024-R; citation_id=CR21
citation_journal_title=Proc Natl Acad Sci; citation_title=Tsetse immune responses and trypanosome transmission: implications for the development of tsetse-based strategies to reduce trypanosomiasis.; citation_author=Z Hao, I Kasumba, MJ Lehane, WC Gibson, J Kwon, S Aksoy; citation_volume=98; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=12648-53; citation_doi=10.1073/pnas.221363798; citation_id=CR22
citation_journal_title=Proc Natl Aca Sciences; citation_title=Genetic manipulation of vectors: A potential novel approach for control of vector-borne diseases.; citation_author=B Beaty; citation_volume=97; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=10295-10297; citation_doi=10.1073/pnas.97.19.10295; citation_id=CR23
citation_journal_title=Medical and Veterinary Entomology; citation_title=Tissue distribution and prevalence of Wolbachia infections in tsetse flies, Glossinaspp.; citation_author=Q Cheng, T Ruel, W Zhou, S Moloo, P Majiwa, S O'Neill, S Aksoy; citation_volume=14; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=51-55; citation_doi=10.1046/j.1365-2915.2000.00202.x; citation_id=CR24
citation_journal_title=Med Vet Entomol; citation_title=Phylogenetically distant symbiotic microorganisms reside in Glossinamidgut and ovary tissues.; citation_author=SL O'Neill, RH Gooding, S Aksoy; citation_volume=7; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=377-83; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1365-2915.1993.tb00709.x; citation_id=CR25
citation_journal_title=Insect Molecular Biology; citation_title=Tissue tropism, transmission and expression of foreign genes in vivoin midgut symbionts of tsetse flies.; citation_author=Q Cheng, S Aksoy; citation_volume=8; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=125-132; citation_doi=10.1046/j.1365-2583.1999.810125.x; citation_id=CR26
citation_journal_title=Nature; citation_title=Secretory discharge and microflora of milk gland in tsetse flies.; citation_author=W-C Ma, DL Denlinger; citation_volume=247; citation_publication_date=1974; citation_pages=301-303; citation_doi=10.1038/247301a0; citation_id=CR27
citation_journal_title=Parasitology; citation_title=Significance of symbionts for the maintenance of an optional nutritional state for successful reproduction in hematophagous arthropods.; citation_author=G Nogge; citation_volume=82; citation_publication_date=1981; citation_pages=101-104; citation_id=CR28
citation_journal_title=Proc Natl Acad Sci; citation_title=A novel application of gene arrays: Escherichia coliarray provides insight into the biology of the obligate endosymbiont of tsetse flies.; citation_author=L Akman, S Aksoy; citation_volume=98; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=7546-7551; citation_doi=10.1073/pnas.131057498; citation_id=CR29
citation_journal_title=Ann Trop Med Parasitol; citation_title=In vitro cultivation of rickettsia-like-organisms from Glossinaspp.; citation_author=SC Welburn, I Maudlin, DS Ellis; citation_volume=81; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=331-5; citation_id=CR30
citation_journal_title=Insect Mol Biol; citation_title=Genetic transformation and phylogeny of bacterial symbionts from tsetse.; citation_author=CB Beard, SL O'Neill, P Mason, L Mandelco, CR Woese, RB Tesh, FF Richards, S Aksoy; citation_volume=1; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=123-31; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1365-2583.1993.tb00113.x; citation_id=CR31
citation_journal_title=Acta Trop; citation_title=Suppression of cyclical development of Trypanosoma brucei brucei in Glossina morsitans centralisby an anti-procyclics monoclonal antibody.; citation_author=VM Nantulya, SK Moloo; citation_volume=45; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_pages=137-44; citation_id=CR32
citation_journal_title=Parasitology Today; citation_title=Wolbachiagenomes and the many faces of symbiosis.; citation_author=C Bandi, B Slatko, SL O'Neill; citation_volume=15; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=428-429; citation_doi=10.1016/S0169-4758(99)01543-4; citation_id=CR33
citation_journal_title=Nature; citation_title=Rapid spread of an inherited incompatibility factor in California Drosophila.; citation_author=M Turelli, AA Hoffmann; citation_volume=353; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=440-2; citation_doi=10.1038/353440a0; citation_id=CR34
citation_journal_title=Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci; citation_title=Wolbachiasuperinfections and the expression of cytoplasmic incompatibility.; citation_author=SP Sinkins, HR Braig, SL O'Neill; citation_volume=261; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=325-30; citation_doi=10.1098/rspb.1995.0154; citation_id=CR35
citation_title=The potential application of inherited symbiont systems to pest control.; citation_inbook_title=In: Influential Passengers; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=155-175; citation_id=CR36; citation_author=SP Sinkins; citation_author=CF Curtis; citation_author=SL O'Neill; citation_publisher=Oxford
citation_journal_title=Insect Sci. Appli; citation_title=An integrated campaign against riverine tsetse Glossina palpalis gambiensis and G. tachinoidesby trapping and the release of sterile males.; citation_author=H Politzar, D Cuisance; citation_volume=5; citation_publication_date=1984; citation_pages=439-442; citation_id=CR37
citation_journal_title=J. Econ. Entomology; citation_title=Glossina austeni(Diptera: Glossinidae) eradicated on the Island of Unguga, Zanzibar, using the sterile insect technique.; citation_author=MJ Vreysen, KM Saleh, MY Ali, AM Abdulla, Z Zhu, KG Juma, A Dyck, AR Msangi, PA Mkonyi, AM Feldmann; citation_volume=93; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=123-135; citation_doi=10.1603/0022-0493-93.1.123; citation_id=CR38
citation_journal_title=Trends Parasitol; citation_title=Sterile insect release and trypanosomiasis control: a plea for realism.; citation_author=DH Molyneux; citation_volume=17; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=413-4; citation_doi=10.1016/S1471-4922(01)02020-7; citation_id=CR39
citation_journal_title=Trends in Parasitology; citation_title=Prospects for control of African trypanosomiasis by tsetse vector manipulation.; citation_author=S Aksoy, I Maudlin, C Dale, A Robinson, S O'Neill; citation_volume=17; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=29-35; citation_doi=10.1016/S1471-4922(00)01850-X; citation_id=CR40
citation_journal_title=J Med Entomol; citation_title=Radiation sterilization and cytoplasmic incompatibility in a "tropicalized" strain of the Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae).; citation_author=MA Shahid, CF Curtis; citation_volume=24; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=273-4; citation_doi=10.1093/jmedent/24.2.273; citation_id=CR41