What can ecological studies tell us about death?

Trichopoulos D. The future of epidemiology. BMJ. 1996;313(7055):436–7.

Susser M. The logic in ecological: I. The logic of analysis. Am J Public Health. 1994;84(5):825–9.

Morgenstern H. Uses of ecologic analysis in epidemiologic research. Am J Public Health. 1982;72(12):1336–44.

Gordon E-S, Haklai Z, Meron J, Aburbeh M, Weiss Salz I, Applbaum Y, Goldberger NF. Regional variations in mortality and causes of death in Israel, 2009-2013. Israel Journal of Health Policy Research. 2017;6(39) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-017-0164-1

Lavados PM, Díaz V, Jadue L, Olavarría VV, Cárcamo DA, Delgado I. Socioeconomic and cardiovascular variables explaining regional variations in stroke mortality in Chile: an ecological study. Neuroepidemiology. 2011;37(1):45–51.

Ginsberg GM, Tulchinsky TH, Salahov E, Clayman M. Standardized mortality ratios by region of residence, Israel, 1987-1994: a tool for public health policy. Public Health Rev. 2003;31(2):111–31.

Karakis I, Bolotin A, Kordysh E, Belmaker I, Sarov B. Mortality in the Bedouin population and proximity to a regional industrial complex. Environ Health Insights. 2008;1:21–9.

Goldberger N, Haklai Z. Mortality rates in Israel from causes amenable to health care, regional and international comparison. Israel Journal of Health Policy Research. 2012;1:41.

Robinson WS. Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals. Am Soc Rev. 1950;15:351–7.

Schwartz S. The fallacy of the ecological fallacy: the potential misuse of a concept and the consequences. Am J Public Health. 1994;84(5):819–24.

Jaffe DH, Eisenbach Z, Neumark YD, Manor O. Individual, household and neighborhood socioeconomic status and mortality: a study of absolute and relative deprivation. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60(5):989–97.

Arsenault J, Michel P, Berke O, Ravel A, Gosselin P. How to choose geographical units in ecological studies: proposal and application to campylobacteriosis. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol. 2013;7:11–24.

Firebaugh GA. rule for inferring individual-level relationships from aggregate data. Am Sociol Rev. 1978;43:557–72.

Boscoe FP, Pickle LW. Choosing geographical units for choropleth rate maps, with an emphasis on public health applications. Cartogr Geogr Info Sci. 2003;30:237–48.

Morgenstern H. Ecological Studies. In: Gail MH, Benichou J, editors. Encyclopedia of Epidemiologic Methods. New York: Wiley; 2000.

Sheppard L. Insights on bias and information in group-level studies. Biostatistics. 2003;4:265–78.

Greenland S, Morgenstern H. Ecological bias, confounding, and effect modification. Int J Epidemiol. 1989;18(1):269–74.

Kasl SV. Mortality and the business cycle: some questions about research strategies when utilizing macro-social and ecological data. Am J Public Health. 1979;69(8):784–8.

Rocha TA, Silva NC, Thomaz EB, Queiroz RC, Souza MR, Lein A, Rocha JV, Alvares V, Almeida DG, Barbosa AC, Thumé E, Staton C, Vissoci JR, Facchini LA. Primary health care and cervical cancer mortality rates in Brazil: A longitudinal ecological study. J Ambul Care Manage 2017;40 Suppl 2 Supplement, The Brazilian National Program for Improving Primary Care Access and Quality (PMAQ):S24-S34.

Loney T, Nagelkerke NJ. The individualistic fallacy, ecological studies and instrumental variables: a causal interpretation. Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2014;11:18.

Messerli FH. Chocolate consumption, cognitive function, and Nobel laureates. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(16):1562–4.

Pearce N. The ecological fallacy strikes back. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54:326–7.

Piantadosi S, Byar DP, Green SB. The ecological fallacy. Am J Epidemiol. 1988;127(5):893–904.

Blakely TA, Woodward AJ. Ecological effects in multi-level studies. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54(5):367–74.

Subramanian SV, Jones K, Kaddour A, Krieger N. Revisiting Robinson: The perils of individualistic and ecologic fallacy. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38:342–60.

Saunders C, Abel G. Ecological studies: use with caution. Br J Gen Pract. 2014;64(619):65–6.

Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med. 1965;58:295–300.

Miettinen OS. Epidemiology: Quo vadis? Eur J Epidemiol. 2004;19(8):713–8.

Haklai Z, Gordon S, Zaltz I, Goldberger N, Aburbeh M. Israel’s Mortality Atlas - 2009-2013, 2016, Ministry of Health https://www.health.gov.il/PublicationsFiles/DeathAT2009_2013.pdf

Frost WH. Rendering account in public health. Am J Publ Health. 1925;15:394–8.

Jaffe DH, Neumark YD, Eisenbach Z, Manor O. Educational inequalities in mortality among Israeli Jews: changes over time in a dynamic population. Health Place. 2008;14(2):287–98.

Jaffe DH, Manor O, Eisenbach Z, Neumark YD. The protective effect of marriage on mortality in a dynamic society. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17(7):540–7.

Gehlke CE, Biehl K. Certain effects of grouping upon the size of the correlation coefficient in census tract material. J Am Stat Assoc. 1934;29(Supp l):169–70.

Openshaw S, Taylor PJ. A million or so correlation coefficients: three experiments on the modifiable areal unit problem. In: Statistical Applications in the Spatial Sciences. London: Edited by N. Wrigley. Pion; 1979. p. 127–44.

Diez-Roux AV. Bringing context back into epidemiology: variables and fallacies in multilevel analysis. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:216–22.