What Explains the Gender Gap in Schlepping? Testing Various Explanations for Gender Differences in Household‐Serving Travel*

Social Science Quarterly - Tập 96 Số 5 - Trang 1493-1510 - 2015
Brian D. Taylor1, Kelcie Ralph2, Michael Smart2
1UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs
2Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

Tóm tắt

ObjectivesMany gender differences in travel have begun to converge. Has convergence occurred for household‐serving travel, which constitutes a very large and growing share of all trips? Moreover, what explains the division of household‐serving travel in heterosexual couples? In answering these questions, we test the salience of three theories about the gendered division of household labor: (1) time availability, (2) microeconomic, and (3) gender socialization.MethodsUsing data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) from 2003 to 2012, we calculated the female‐to‐male ratio of household‐serving trips in several types of households (i.e., singles vs. couples and male vs. female breadwinner households).ResultsThere was some empirical support for each theory, but we find the most consistent and compelling evidence for gender socialization. We observe substantial gender differences in child‐ and household‐serving trips apart from household formation; even in households where women earn more, are better educated, or work more hours than their partners, women still make about half again as many child‐serving and grocery‐shopping trips as their male partners.ConclusionDespite dramatic changes in women's labor force participation over the past half‐century, the gender division of household‐serving travel remains strong.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1257/aer.103.5.1664

10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00746.x

Becker Gary S., 1981, A Treatise on the Family

10.2307/2675569

10.1086/378341

10.1086/230577

Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003–2012 American Time Use Survey (ATUS)

Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013, Economic News Release: Consumer Expenditures 2012

Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014, Household Data Annual Averages: Median Weekly Earnings of Full‐Time Wage and Salary Workers by Detailed Occupation and Sex

Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2012, Table 3–35: Transportation Expenditures by Mode and Level of Government from Own Funds, Fiscal Year

10.1177/1440783311427482

10.1080/01944360708977979

10.1177/0192513X06295198

Day Jennifer Cheeseman, 2002, The Big Payoff: Educational Attainment and Synthetic Estimates of Work‐Life Earnings

10.1108/9780857242341-005

10.1177/0265407507075415

Gough Margaret, 2010, Gender, Job Loss, and Housework: The Time Availability Hypothesis Revisited

10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00322.x

10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00373.x

10.1080/13545700701716664

10.1007/BF00165264

Hegewisch Ariane, 2013, The Gender Wage Gap: 2012

Hochschild Arlie R., 1989, The Second Shift

10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.08.005

Kongar Ebru, 2014, Time Use of Parents in the United States: What Difference Did the Great Recession Make?

10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01172.x

10.1111/j.1475-4762.2000.tb00125.x

Lieber Ron, 2002, To Shuttle Kids, Busy Parents Seek Out Chauffeur Services, Wall Street Journal

10.1080/00420988120080341

10.3141/1977-03

10.1080/01944360902988794

McGuckin Nancy, 1999, Examining Trip‐Chaining Behavior: A Comparison of Travel by Men and Women

Pisarski Alan, 2006, Commuting in America III: The Third National Report on Commuting Patterns and Trends

Rosenbloom Sandra, 2004, Paper presented at the Conference on Research on Women's Issues in Transportation

Santos Adella, 2011, Summary of Travel Trends: 2009 National Household Survey

Schulte Brigid, 2015, Harried Parents Embracing Uber to Move Kids Around Town, Washington Post.

10.1093/ser/mwr039

10.1177/089124396010006005

Taylor Brian D., 1998, Women's Travel Issues: Proceedings from the Second National Conference, October 1996, 371

Thaler Richard H., 2009, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness

U.S. Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012, Current Population Survey

10.1177/0891243287001002002

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Social Science Quarterly

Tập 96 Số 5

1493-1510

Thông tin tác giả