What Do People Expect of Cognitive Enhancement?

Boot, W. R., Champion, M., Blakely, D. P., Wright, T., Souders, D. J., & Charness, N. (2013a). Video games as a means to reduce age-related cognitive decline: attitudes, compliance, and effectiveness. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 1–9.

Boot, W. R., Simons, D. J., Stothart, C., & Stutts, C. (2013b). The pervasive problem with placebos in psychology: why active control groups are not sufficient to rule out placebo effects. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(4), 445–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613491271 .

Carter, O., & Forte, J. (2016). Medical risks: regulate devices for brain stimulation. Nature, 533(7602), 179. https://doi.org/10.1038/533179d .

CognitiveTrainingData.org (2014). Cognitive training data: an open letter, from http://www.cognitivetrainingdata.org/ .

Farah, M. J. (2015). The unknowns of cognitive enhancement. Science, 350(6259), 379–380. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.5893 .

Federal Trade Commission (2015). Makers of jungle rangers computer game for Kids settle FTC charges that they deceived consumers with baseless “Brain Training” claims.

Foroughi, C. K., Monfort, S. S., Paczynski, M., McKnight, P. E., & Greenwood, P. M. (2016). Placebo effects in cognitive training. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(27), 7470–7474. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601243113 .

Gross, L. (2017). Putting placebos to the test. PLoS Biology, 15(2), e2001998. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001998 .

Hacking your brain (2015). The Economist. Retrieved from  https://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21645509-diy-bundle-electronics-or-ready-made-device-it-possible-stimulate .

Jwa, A. (2015). Early adopters of the magical thinking cap: a study on do-it-yourself (DIY) transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) user community. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 2(2), 292–335. https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsv017 .

Koroshetz, W. J. (2015). Noninvasive brain stimulation: applications and implications. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

Lumos Labs Inc. (2017). Lumosity, from http://www.lumosity.com .

Miniussi, C., Harris, J. A., & Ruzzoli, M. (2013). Modelling non-invasive brain stimulation in cognitive neuroscience. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(8), 1702–1712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.014 .

Moreau, D., Kirk, I. J., & Waldie, K. E. (2016). Seven pervasive statistical flaws in cognitive training interventions. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 153. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00153 .

Nintendo DS (2017). Brain age: concentration training, from http://brainage.nintendo.com .

Posit Science Inc. (2017). BrainHQ: brain training that works, from http://www.brainhq.com /.

Rabipour, S., & Davidson, P. S. R. (2015). Do you believe in brain training? A questionnaire about expectations of computerised cognitive training. Behavioural Brain Research, 295, 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.002 .

Rabipour, S., & Raz, A. (2012). Training the brain: fact and fad in cognitive and behavioral remediation. Brain and Cognition, 79(2), 159–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2012.02.006 .

Rabipour, S., Miller, D., Taler, V., Messier, C., & Davidson, P. S. R. (2017). Physical and cognitive exercise in aging. In Handbook of gerontology research methods: understanding successful aging. Routledge.

Rabipour, S., Davidson, P. S. R., & Kristjansson, E. (Submitted). Measuring expectations of cognitive enhancement: item response analysis of the expectation assessment scale.

Sahakian, B., & Morein-Zamir, S. (2007). Professor’s little helper. Nature, 450(7173), 1157–1159. https://doi.org/10.1038/4501157a .

Schambra, H. M., Bikson, M., Wager, T. D., DosSantos, M. F., & DaSilva, A. F. (2014). It’s all in your head: reinforcing the placebo response with tDCS. Brain Stimulation, 7(4), 623–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.Brs.2014.04.002 .

Schwarz, K. A., Pfister, R., & Buchel, C. (2016). Rethinking explicit expectations: connecting placebos, social cognition, and contextual perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(6), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.04.001 .

SharpBrains (2014). Brain training and cognitive assessment market surpassed $1.3 billion in 2013. Retrieved from http://sharpbrains.com/blog/2014/01/23/brain-training-and-cognitive-assessment-market-surpassed-1-3-billion-in-2013/ .

Simons, D. J., Boot, W. R., Charness, N., Gathercole, S. E., Chabris, C. F., Hambrick, D. Z., & Stine-Morrow, E. A. L. (2016). Do “brain-training” programs work? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 17(3), 103–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100616661983 .

Souders, D. J., Boot, W. R., Blocker, K., Vitale, T., Roque, N. A., & Charness, N. (2017). Evidence for narrow transfer after short-term cognitive training in older adults. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00041 .

Steenbergen, L., Sellaro, R., Hommel, B., Lindenberger, U., Kuhn, S., & Colzato, L. S. (2016). “Unfocus” on foc.us: commercial tDCS headset impairs working memory. Experimental Brain Research, 234(3), 637–643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4391-9 .

The Stanford Center on Longevity (2014). A consensus on the brain training industry from the scientific community.

Torous, J., Staples, P., Fenstermacher, E., Dean, J., & Keshavan, M. (2016). Barriers, benefits, and beliefs of brain training smartphone apps: an internet survey of younger US consumers. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 180. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00180 .

Underwood, E. (2016). Cadaver study casts doubts on how zapping brain may boost mood, relieve pain. Science. Retrieved from doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf9938 .

Walsh, V. Q. (2013). Ethics and social risks in brain stimulation. Brain Stimulation, 6(5), 715–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.Brs.2013.08.001 .