Welfare Reform's Impact on Homelessness

Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless - Tập 8 - Trang 1-20 - 1999
Peggy S. Berger1, Kenneth R. Tremblay1
1Department of Design, Merchandising, and Consumer Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins

Tóm tắt

As the most dramatic shift in welfare policy occurs since its inception in 1935, it is imperative to examine potential impacts on homelessness. This paper describes changes in homelessness and welfare policy, assesses potential effects of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, and addresses public policy issues stemming from these changes. Of utmost concern are the continuing growth in female-headed families among the ranks of the homeless and a decline in affordable housing units. Welfare reform has already reduced the numbers of persons on welfare rolls, but it remains unclear as to whether the situation of low-income and homeless female-headed families will become better or worse.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Bassuk, E., Buckner, J., Weinreb, L., Browne, A., Bassuk, S., Dawson, R., & Perloff, J. (1997). Homelessness in female-headed families: Childhood and adult risk and protective factors. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 241–248. Bassuk, E., Weinret, L., Buckner, J., Browne, A., Salomon, A., & Bassuk, S. (1996). The characteristics and needs of sheltered homeless and low-income housed mothers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 276, 640–646. Brown, M., & Waxman, L. (December 23, 1996). Continued growth in overall demand for emergency food and shelter. Washington, DC: U.S. Conference of Mayors (on-line). http://usmayors.org/USCM/US_Mayor_new...or_Emergency_Food_and_Shelter011697,html Center for Law and Social Policy (1997). Wisconsin sanctions/Homelessness continues. Washington, DC: Author (on-line). http://www.gc.apc.org:80/handsnet2/welfare.reform/Articles/art.862250737.html Children's Defense Fund (1997). The state of America's children yearbook 1997. Washington, DC: Author. Dolbeare, C. (1996). Housing policy: A general consideration. In J. Baumohl (Ed.), Homelessness in America, Phoenix, AZ: Oryx, pp. 34–45. The Economist (November 5, 1994). For richer, for poorer, pp. 19–21. Frisby, M. (June 13, 1997). Clinton stays popular with blacks in spite of fraying safety net. The Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A11. Goodman, W., & Ilg, R. (February 1997). Employment in 1996: Jobs up, unemployment down. Monthly Labor Review, 120(2), 3–18. Greenberg, M. H., & Baumohl, J. (1996). Income maintenance: Little help now, less on the way. In J. Baumohl (Ed.), Homelessness in America, Phoenix, AZ: Oryx, pp. 63–77. Hardin, B. (1996). Why the road off the street is not paved with jobs. In J. Baumohl (Ed.), Homelessness in America, Phoenix, AZ: Oryx, pp. 46–62. Kaufman, T. (1996). Out of reach: Can America pay the rent? Washington, DC: National Low-Income Housing Coalition. Koretz, G. (June 9, 1997). Is there too much money? Business Week, p. 26. Lazere, E. (1995). In short supply: The growing affordable housing gap. Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Lehman, J., & Danziger, S. (1995). Ending welfare as we know it: Values, economics and politics. Cambridge, MA: Electronic Policy Network (on-line). http://epn.org/library/dang0105.html Lindbloom, E. N. (1996). Preventing homelessness. In J. Baumohl (Ed.), Homelessness in America, Phoenix, AZ: Oryx, pp. 187–200. Link, B. G., Susser, E., Stueve, A., Phelan, J., Moore, R. E., & Strueing, E. (1994). Lifetime and five year prevalence of homelessness in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 1907–1912. MacLeish, R. (January 1, 1997). The (un)worthy poor. Christian Science Monitor, p. 19. Morris, J. M. (1997). Chronic homelessness among working-age adults: Personal problems and public assistance. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 6, 57–69. National Coalition for the Homeless (January 1997). Why are people homeless? (Fact Sheet 1). Washington, DC. Author (on-line). http://nch.ari.net/causes.html National Low-Income Housing Coalition (1997a). Homelessness: Who and why? (on-line). http://www.nlihc.org/backgrd2.html/#homeless National Low-Income Housing Coalition (1997b). NLIHC background on housing issues (on-line). http://www.nlihc.org/backgrd1.html#needs National Low-Income Housing Coalition (1996). Statement and recommendations on housing and welfare reform of the housing and welfare reform task force. (on-line). http://www.nlihc.org/welfare/html Rapheal, J. (1996). Domestic violence and welfare receipt. Chicago, IL: Taylor Institute. Ryscavage, P. (August 1995). A surge in growing income inequality? Monthly Labor Review, 118(8), 51–61. Salomon, A., Bassuk, S., & Brooks, M. (1996). Patterns of welfare use among poor and homeless women. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66, 510–525. Shapiro, I. (1995). Four years and still falling: The decline in the value of the minimum wage. Washington, DC: Center for Budget and Policy Priorities. Sherer, R. (September 3, 1996). Ranks of homeless rising as federal funding shrinks. The Christian Science Monitor, p. 1. Sklar, H. (1995). Jobs, income, and work: Ruinous trends, urgent alternatives. Philadelphia, PA: American Friends Service Committee. Super, D., Parrott, S., Steinmetz, S., & Mann, C. (August 13, 1996) The new welfare law. Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Uchitelle, L. (May 23, 1997). Low-end wages on rise. The Denver Post, p. 1C. U.S. Bureau of the Census (1996a). Income 1995 (Table B-3) (on-line). http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/income95/in95agg2.html U.S. Bureau of the Census (1996b). Poverty in the United States: 1995 (Consumer Income, Series P60-194). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Bureau of the Census (August 1995). Poverty's revolving door. (Statistical Brief: SB/95-20). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census. U.S. Department of Agriculture (1996). Rural homelessness: Focusing on the needs of the rural homeless (Rural Economic and Community Development). Washington, DC: Author. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (August 22, 1997). Clinton administration moving forward on the promise of welfare reform. (Fact Sheet). Washington, DC: HHS Press Office. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (1996a). Rental housing assistance at a crossroads. A report to congress on worst case housing needs. (Office of Policy Development and Research). Washington, DC: Author. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (December 1996b). The continuum of care: A report on the new federal policy to address homelessness (on-line). http://wwwhud.gov/cpd.hmlsrpt.html U.S. General Accounting Office (May 1997a). Welfare reform: States early experiences with benefit termination. (GAO/HEHS-97-74). Washington, DC: Author. U.S. General Accounting Office (May 1997b). Welfare reform: Three states approaches show promise of increasing work participation. (GAO/HEHS-97-80). Washington, DC: Author. Vissing, Y. (1996). Out of mind: Homeless children and families in small town America. Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky. Vobejda, B. (May 16, 1997). States cut 18,000 families from welfare rolls, GAO reports. The Washington Post, p. A11. Waxman, L., & Hinderliter, S. (1996). A status report on hunger and homelessness in America's cities 1996. Washington, DC: U.S. Conference of Mayors. Zedlewski, S., Clark, S., Meier, E., & Watson, K. (1996). Potential effects of congressional welfare reform legislation on family incomes. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.