Wake-promoting effects of orexin: Its independent actions against the background of an impaired corticotropine-releasing hormone receptor system

De Lecea, 1998, The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95, 322, 10.1073/pnas.95.1.322 Sakurai, 1998, Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior, Cell, 92, 573, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80949-6 Selbach, 2006, Hypocretins: the timing of sleep and waking, Chronobiol Intern, 23, 63, 10.1080/07420520500545961 Nambu, 1999, Distribution of orexin neurons in the adult rat brain, Brain Res, 827, 243, 10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01336-0 Peyron, 1998, Neurons containing hypocretin (orexin) project to multiple neuronal systems, J Neurosci, 18, 9996, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-23-09996.1998 de Lecea, 2005, The hypocretins and sleep, FEBS J, 272, 5675, 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04981.x Saper, 2001, The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness, Trends Neurosci, 24, 726, 10.1016/S0166-2236(00)02002-6 Fenzl, 2009, Circadian rhythms of basal orexin levels in the hypothalamus are not influenced by an impaired corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 system, Behav Brain Res, 203, 143, 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.04.012 Yoshida, 2001, Fluctuation of extracellular hypocretin-1 (orexin A) levels in the rat in relation to the light-dark cycle and sleep-wake activities, Eur J Neurosci, 14, 1075, 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01725.x Sakurai, 2005, Input of orexin/hypocretin neurons revealed by a genetically encoded tracer in mice, Neuron, 46, 297, 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.03.010 Yoshida, 2006, Afferents to the orexin neurons of the rat brain, J Comp Neurol, 494, 845, 10.1002/cne.20859 Yamanaka, 2003, Hypothalamic orexin neurons regulate arousal according to energy balance in mice, Neuron, 38, 701, 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00331-3 Sakurai, 2007, The neural circuit of orexin (hypocretin): maintaining sleep and wakefulness, Nat Rev Neurosci, 8, 171, 10.1038/nrn2092 Salomon, 2003, Diurnal variation of cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin-1 (Orexin-A) levels in control and depressed subjects, Biol Psychiatry, 54, 96, 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01740-7 Antonijevic, 2008, HPA axis and sleep: identifying subtypes of major depression, Stress, 11, 15, 10.1080/10253890701378967 Germain, 2008, Circadian rhythm disturbances in depression, Hum Psychopharmacol, 23, 571, 10.1002/hup.964 Holsboer, 2000, The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression, Neuropsychopharmacology, 23, 477, 10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00159-7 Modell, 2007, Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep: an endophenotype for depression, Curr Psychiatry Rep, 9, 480, 10.1007/s11920-007-0065-z Nowell, 2001, Treatment of insomnia in patients with mood disorders, Depress Anxiety, 14, 7, 10.1002/da.1042 de Kloet, 2005, Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease, Nat Rev Neurosci, 6, 463, 10.1038/nrn1683 Holsboer, 1999, The rationale for corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor (CRH-R) antagonists to treat depression and anxiety, J Psychiatr Res, 33, 181, 10.1016/S0022-3956(98)90056-5 Marrosu, 1990, Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) increases paradoxical sleep (PS) rebound in PS-deprived rats, Brain Res, 515, 315, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90614-H Sanford, 2008, Mouse strain differences in the effects of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) on sleep and wakefulness, Brain Res, 1190, 94, 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.007 Chang, 2004, A corticotropin-releasing hormone antisense oligodeoxynucleotide reduces spontaneous waking in the rat, Regul Pept, 117, 43, 10.1016/j.regpep.2003.10.011 Chang, 2001, Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) as a regulator of waking, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 25, 445, 10.1016/S0149-7634(01)00024-0 Romanowski, 2010, Central deficiency of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 (CRH-R1) abolishes effects of CRH on NREM but not on REM sleep in mice, Sleep, 33, 427, 10.1093/sleep/33.4.427 Winsky-Sommerer, 2004, Interaction between the corticotropin-releasing factor system and hypocretins (orexins): a novel circuit mediating stress response, J Neurosci, 24, 11439, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3459-04.2004 Sakamoto, 2004, Centrally administered orexin-A activates corticotropin-releasing factor-containing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and central amygdaloid nucleus of rats: possible involvement of central orexins on stress-activated central CRF neurons, Regul Pept, 118, 183, 10.1016/j.regpep.2003.12.014 Spinazzi, 2006, Orexins in the regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, Pharmacol Rev, 58, 46, 10.1124/pr.58.1.4 McCann, 2000, Role of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in the control of the response to stress and infection, Braz J Med Biol Res, 33, 1121, 10.1590/S0100-879X2000001000001 Curtis, 1999, Long-term regulation of locus ceruleus sensitivity to corticotropin-releasing factor by swim stress, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 289, 1211 Curtis, 1997, Activation of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system by intracoerulear microinfusion of corticotropin-releasing factor: effects on discharge rate, cortical norepinephrine levels and cortical electroencephalographic activity, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 281, 163 Nolte, 2002, Organization of the brainstem Muller, 2003, Limbic corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 mediates anxiety-related behavior and hormonal adaptation to stress, Nat Neurosci, 6, 1100, 10.1038/nn1123 Tronche, 1999, Disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in the nervous system results in reduced anxiety, Nat Genet, 23, 99, 10.1038/12703 Schmidt, 2006, Differential disinhibition of the neonatal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in brain-specific CRH receptor 1-knockout mice, Eur J Neurosci, 24, 2291, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05121.x Coste, 2000, Abnormal adaptations to stress and impaired cardiovascular function in mice lacking corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-2, Nat Genet, 24, 403, 10.1038/74255 Kastin, 1999, but not orexin B rapidly enters brain from blood by simple diffusion, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 289, 219 Al Barazanji, 2001, Central orexin-A activates hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and stimulates hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor and arginine vasopressin neurones in conscious rats, J Neuroendocrinol, 13, 421, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2001.00655.x Ida, 2000, Possible involvement of orexin in the stress reaction in rats, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 270, 318, 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2412 Jaszberenyi, 2000, Effects of orexins on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal system, J Neuroendocrinol, 12, 1174, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2000.00572.x Kuru, 2000, Centrally administered orexin/hypocretin activates HPA axis in rats, Neuroreport, 11, 1977, 10.1097/00001756-200006260-00034 Russell, 2001, The central effects of orexin-A in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in vivo and in vitro in male rats, J Neuroendocrinol, 13, 561, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2001.00672.x Fenzl, 2007, Fully automated sleep deprivation in mice as a tool in sleep research, J Neurosci Methods, 166, 229, 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.07.007 Kodama, 2002, Arousal effects of orexin-A correlate with GLU release from the locus coeruleus in rats, Peptides, 23, 1673, 10.1016/S0196-9781(02)00109-2 Piper, 2000, The novel brain neuropeptide, orexin-A, modulates the sleep–wake cycle of rats, Eur J Neurosci, 12, 726, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00919.x Hagan, 1999, Orexin A activates locus coeruleus cell firing and increases arousal in the rat, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96, 10911, 10.1073/pnas.96.19.10911 Espana, 2001, Wake-promoting and sleep-suppressing actions of hypocretin (orexin): basal forebrain sites of action, Neuroscience, 106, 699, 10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00319-0 Thakkar, 2001, Microdialysis perfusion of orexin-A in the basal forebrain increases wakefulness in freely behaving rats, Arch Ital Biol, 139, 313 Fenzl, 2005, Sleep stages in conditional CNS-specific CRH-receptor type 1 knockout mice, Soc Neurosci Abstr Online, 27 Fenzl, 2006, CRH-R1 knockout mice as a tool to explore the role of hypocretin in sleep regulation, J Sleep Res, 15, 238 Fujiki, 2003, Effects of IV and ICV hypocretin-1 (orexin A) in hypocretin receptor-2 gene mutated narcoleptic dogs and IV hypocretin-1 replacement therapy in a hypocretin-ligand-deficient narcoleptic dog, Sleep, 26, 953, 10.1093/sleep/26.8.953 da Silva, 2008, Behavioral and metabolic effects of central injections of orexins/hypocretins in pigeons (Columba livia), Regul Pept, 147, 9, 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.12.003 Brown, 2002, Convergent excitation of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons by multiple arousal systems (orexin/hypocretin, histamine and noradrenaline), J Neurosci, 22, 8850, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-20-08850.2002 Yamanaka, 2002, Orexins activate histaminergic neurons via the orexin 2 receptor, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 290, 1237, 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6318 Takahashi, 2002, Effects of orexin on the laterodorsal tegmental neurones, Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 56, 335, 10.1046/j.1440-1819.2002.00967.x Xi, 2001, Effects on sleep and wakefulness of the injection of hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) into the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus of the cat, Brain Res, 901, 259, 10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02317-4 Adamantidis, 2010, Optogenetic deconstruction of sleep-wake circuity in the brain, Front Mol Neurosci, 2, 1, 10.3389/neuro.02.031.2009 Bonnavion, 2010, Hypocretins in the control of sleep and wakefulness, Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 10, 174, 10.1007/s11910-010-0101-y Adamantidis, 2007, Neural substrates of awakening probed with optogenetic control of hypocretin neurons, Nature, 450, 420, 10.1038/nature06310 Samson, 2007, Hypocretin/orexin type 1 receptor in brain: role in cardiovascular control and the neuroendocrine response to immobilization stress, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 292, R382, 10.1152/ajpregu.00496.2006 Kagerer, 2010, Interactions of orexins/hypocretins with adrenocortical functions, Acta Physiol (Oxf), 198, 361, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2009.02034.x Samson, 2002, Orexin actions in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: physiological consequences and cellular correlates, Regul Pept, 104, 97, 10.1016/S0167-0115(01)00353-6 Date, 2000, Distribution of orexin/hypocretin in the rat median eminence and pituitary, Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 76, 1, 10.1016/S0169-328X(99)00317-4 Marcus, 2001, Differential expression of orexin receptors 1 and 2 in the rat brain, J Comp Neurol, 435, 6, 10.1002/cne.1190