WITHDRAWN: Impact of wildfire smoke on atmospheric environment over the Southeast Atlantic during ORACLEs 2017

ABB Measurements and Analytics Adebiyi, 2015, Convolution of dynamics and moisture with the presence of shortwave absorbing aerosols over the Southeast Atlantic, J. Clim., 28, 1997, 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00352.1 Andreae, 2006, Black carbon or brown carbon? The nature of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3131, 10.5194/acp-6-3131-2006 Andreae, 2001, Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 955, 10.1029/2000GB001382 Bahreini, 2009, Organic aerosol formation in urban and industrial plumes near Houston and Dallas, Texas, J. Geophys. Res., 114, 10.1029/2008JD011493 Blake, 1996, Biomass burning emissions and vertical distribution of atmospheric methyl halides and other reduced carbon gases in the South Atlantic region, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 24151, 10.1029/96JD00561 Boucher, 2013, Clouds and aerosols, Clim. Change 2013: Phys. Sci. Basis, 571 Capes, 2008, Aging of biomass burning aerosols over West Africa: Aircraft measurements of chemical composition, microphysical properties, and emission ratios, J. Geophys. Res., 113, 10.1029/2008JD009845 Cubison, 2011, Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12049, 10.5194/acp-11-12049-2011 Das, 2017, Biomass burning aerosol transport and vertical distribution over the South African-Atlantic region, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 122, 6391, 10.1002/2016JD026421 De Graaf, 2014, Aerosol direct radiative effect of smoke over clouds over the Southeast Atlantic Ocean from 2006 to 2009, Geophys. Res., 41, 7723 De Graaf, 2020, Comparison of south-East Atlantic aerosol direct radiative effect over clouds from SCIAMACHY, POLDER and OMI–MODIS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6707, 10.5194/acp-20-6707-2020 Formenti, 2003, Inorganic and carbonaceous aerosols during Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000) experiment: Chemical characteristics, physical properties, and emission data for smoke from African biomass burning, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108, D13, 10.1029/2002JD002408 Formenti, 2019, The Aerosols, Radiation and Clouds in southern Africa (AEROCLOsA) field campaign in Namibia: overview, illustrative observations and way 655 forward, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 100, 1277, 10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0278.1 Gonzalez, 2008, Aerosol properties over the SAFARI-2000 area retrieved from ATSR-2, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 113, D5 Gordon, 2018, Large simulated radiative effects of smoke in the south-east Atlantic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15261, 10.5194/acp-18-15261-2018 Grieshop, 2009, Laboratory investigation of photochemical oxidation of organic aerosol from wood fires 2: analysis of aerosol mass spectrometer data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2227, 10.5194/acp-9-2227-2009 Grossman, 1995, Moisture flux and mixing processes in the daytime continental convective boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 100D, 25665, 10.1029/95JD00853 Guo, 2017, The variability in the relationship between black carbon and carbon monoxide over the eastern coast of China: BC aging during transport, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10395, 10.5194/acp-17-10395-2017 Han, 2016, Climate and fuel controls on north American paleofires: Smoldering to flaming in the Late-glacial-Holocene transition, Sci. Rep., 6 Haslett, 2019, The radiative impact of out-of-cloud aerosol hygroscopic growth during the summer monsoon in southern West Africa, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1505, 10.5194/acp-19-1505-2019 Haywood, 2000, Estimates of the Direct and indirect Radiative Forcing due to Tropospheric Aerosols: a Review, Rev. Geophys., 38, 513, 10.1029/1999RG000078 He, 2015, Impacts of biomass-burning on aerosol properties of a severe haze event over Shanghai, Particuology., 20, 52, 10.1016/j.partic.2014.11.004 Heese, 2007, The receptor-like kinase SERK3/BAK1 is a central regulator of innate immunity in plants, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 104, 12217, 10.1073/pnas.0705306104 Hollis, 2018, The effect of woody fuel characteristics on fuel ignition and consumption: a case study from a eucalypt forest in south-West Western Australia, Int. J. Wildland Fire, 27, 363, 10.1071/WF17174 Huang, 2009, Aerosol-Induced Large-Scale Variability in Precipitation over the Tropical Atlantic, J. Clim., 22, 4970, 10.1175/2009JCLI2531.1 Jimenez, 2009, Evolution of organic aerosols in the atmosphere, Sci., 326, 1525, 10.1126/science.1180353 Johnson, 2008, Aircraft measurements of biomass burning aerosol over West Africa during DABEX, J. Geophys. Res., 113 Kacarab, 2020, Biomass burning Aerosol as a Modulator of Droplet Number in the Southeast Atlantic Region, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3029, 10.5194/acp-20-3029-2020 Kedia, 2014, Quantification of aerosol type, and sources of aerosols over the IndoGangetic Plain, Atmos. Environ., 98, 607, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.022 Kirchstetter, 2003, Airborne measurements of carbonaceous aerosols in southern Africa during the dry biomass burning season, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8476, 10.1029/2002JD002171 Knippertz, 2017, A meteorological and chemical overview of the DACCIWA field campaign in West Africa in June–July 2016, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10893, 10.5194/acp-17-10893-2017 Laborde, 2002, Sensitivity of the single particle soot photometer to different black carbon types, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 1031, 10.5194/amt-5-1031-2012 Laborde, 2012, Single Particle Soot Photometer intercomparison at the AIDA chamber, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 3077, 10.5194/amt-5-3077-2012 Lacagnina, 2015, Aerosol single-scattering albedo over the global oceans: comparing PARASOL retrievals with AERONET, OMI, and AeroCom models estimates, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 10.1002/2015JD023501 LeBlanc, 2020, Above-cloud aerosol optical depth from airborne observations in the Southeast Atlantic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1565, 10.5194/acp-20-1565-2020 Lee, 2017 Lefer, 1994, Enhancement of acidic gases in biomass burning impacted air masses over Canada, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1721, 10.1029/93JD02091 Lu, 2018, Biomass smoke from southern Africa can significantly enhance the brightness of stratocumulus over the SEern Atlantic Ocean, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 115, 2924, 10.1073/pnas.1713703115 Mallet, 2020, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13191, 10.5194/acp-20-13191-2020 May, 2014, Aerosol emissions from prescribed fires in the United States: a synthesis of laboratory and aircraft measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 11826, 10.1002/2014JD021848 Meyer, 2013, Estimating the direct radiative effect of absorbing aerosols overlying marine boundary layer clouds in the Southeast Atlantic using MODIS and CALIOP, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 4801, 10.1002/jgrd.50449 Ming, 2006, A new parameterization of cloud droplet activation applicable to general circulation models, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1348, 10.1175/JAS3686.1 Moncrieff, 2015, Understanding global change impacts on South African biomes using Dynamic Vegetation Models, S. Afr. J. Bot., 101, 16, 10.1016/j.sajb.2015.02.004 Mukherjee, 2020, Sub micron aerosol variability and its ageing process at a high altitude site in India: impact of meteorological conditions, Environ. Pollut., 265, 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115019 Myhre, 2003, Modeling the solar radiative impact of aerosols from biomass burning during the Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI-2000) experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8501, 10.1029/2002JD002313 Ngan, 2018, Dispersion simulations using HYSPLIT for the Sagebrush Tracer Experiment, Atmos. Environ., 186, 18, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.05.012 Noyes, 2020, Wildfire smoke particle properties and evolution, from space-based multi-angle imaging, Remote Sens., 12 Peltier, 2007, Fine aerosol bulk composition measured on WP-3D research aircraft in vicinity of the Northeastern United States – results from NEAQS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3231, 10.5194/acp-7-3231-2007 Pistone, 2019, Intercomparison of biomass burning aerosol optical properties from in-situ and remote-sensing instruments in ORACLES-2016, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 9181, 10.5194/acp-19-9181-2019 Poschl, 2010, Rainforest Aerosols as Biogenic Nuclei of Clouds and Precipitation in the Amazon, Science, 329, 1513, 10.1126/science.1191056 Pósfai, 2003, Individual aerosol particles from biomass burning in southern Africa: 1. Compositions and size distributions of carbonaceous particles, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8483, 10.1029/2002JD002291 Pratt, 2011, Flight-based chemical characterization of biomass burning aerosols within two prescribed burn smoke plumes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12549, 10.5194/acp-11-12549-2011 Reddington, 2016, Analysis of particulate emissions from tropical biomass burning using a global aerosol model and long-term surface observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11083, 10.5194/acp-16-11083-2016 Reddington, 2018, Biomass burning aerosol over the Amazon: analysis of aircraft, surface and satellite observations using a global aerosol model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 9125, 10.5194/acp-19-9125-2019 Redemann, 2021, An overview of the ORACLES (ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS) project: aerosol–cloud–radiation interactions in the southeast Atlantic basin, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1507, 10.5194/acp-21-1507-2021 Reid, 1998, Physical, chemical, and optical properties of regional hazes dominated by smoke in Brazil, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 32059, 10.1029/98JD00458 Rein, 2013, 15 Ryoo, 2021, A meteorological overview of the ORACLES (ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS) campaign over the southeast Atlantic during 2016–2018, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. [preprint], 10.5194/acp-21-16689-2021 Sahu, 2012, Emission characteristics of black carbon in anthropogenic and biomass burning plumes over California during ARCTAS-CARB 2008, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 117 Schmid, 2012, A Method for estimating Planetary Boundary Layer Heights and its Application over the ARM Southern Great Plains Site, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 29, 316, 10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00118.1 Sinha, 2003, Distributions of trace gases and aerosols during the dry biomass burning season in southern Africa, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4536, 10.1029/2003JD003691 Stephens, 2003, Particle Identification by Laser-Induced Incandescence in a Solid-State Laser Cavity, Appl. Opt., 42, 3726, 10.1364/AO.42.003726 Stier, 2013, Host model uncertainties in aerosol radiative forcing estimates: results from the AeroCom Prescribed intercomparison study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3245, 10.5194/acp-13-3245-2013 Swinnerton, 1971, Carbon monoxide in rainwater, Sci., 172, 943, 10.1126/science.172.3986.943 Vakkari, 2014, Rapid changes in biomass burning aerosols by atmospheric oxidation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 2644, 10.1002/2014GL059396 Van der Werf, 2010, Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997–2009), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11707, 10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010 Wilcox, 2012, Direct and semi-direct radiative forcing of smoke aerosols over clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 139, 10.5194/acp-12-139-2012 Williams, 2013, Characterization of an aerodynamic lens for transmitting particles greater than 1 micrometer in diameter into the Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3271, 10.5194/amt-6-3271-2013 Wondimagegn Mengist, 2019, An overview of the major vegetation classification in Africa and the new vegetation classification in Ethiopia, Am. J. Zool., 2, 51 Wu, 2020, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12697, 10.5194/acp-20-12697-2020 Yokelson, 2009, Emissions from biomass burning in the Yucatan, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5785, 10.5194/acp-9-5785-2009 Zuidema, 2016, Smoke and clouds above the southeast atlantic: upcoming field Campaigns probe absorbing aerosol's impact on climate, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97, 1131, 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00082.1