Vitamin D concentration, obesity, and risk of diabetes: a mendelian randomisation study

Hyppönen, 2001, Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study, Lancet, 358, 1500, 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06580-1

Afzal, 2013, Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study and metaanalysis, Clin Chem, 59, 381, 10.1373/clinchem.2012.193003

Vimaleswaran, 2013, Causal relationship between obesity and vitamin D status: bi-directional mendelian randomization analysis of multiple cohorts, PLoS Med, 10, e1001383, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001383

Knowler, 2002, Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin, N Engl J Med, 346, 393, 10.1056/NEJMoa012512

2009, 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study, Lancet, 374, 1677, 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61457-4

Lindström, 2006, Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study, Lancet, 368, 1673, 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69701-8

Tuomilehto, 2001, Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, N Engl J Med, 344, 1343, 10.1056/NEJM200105033441801

Smith, 2003, ‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?, Int J Epidemiol, 32, 1, 10.1093/ije/dyg070

Lawlor, 2008, Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology, Stat Med, 27, 1133, 10.1002/sim.3034

Nordestgaard, 2012, The effect of elevated body mass index on ischemic heart disease risk: causal estimates from a mendelian randomisation approach, PLoS Med, 9, e1001212, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001212

Appleyard, 1989, The Copenhagen City Heart Study. Østerbroundersøgelsen. A book of tables with data from the first examination (1976–78) and a five year follow-up (1981–83), Scand J Soc Med, 170, 1

Zacho, 2008, Genetically elevated C-reactive protein and ischemic vascular disease, N Engl J Med, 359, 1897, 10.1056/NEJMoa0707402

Ahn, 2010, Genome-wide association study of circulating vitamin D levels, Hum Mol Genet, 19, 2739, 10.1093/hmg/ddq155

Wang, 2010, Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: a genome-wide association study, Lancet, 376, 180, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60588-0

Speliotes, 2010, Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index, Nat Genet, 42, 937, 10.1038/ng.686

2003, The International HapMap Project, Nature, 426, 789, 10.1038/nature02168

Clarke, 1999, Underestimation of risk associations due to regression dilution in long-term follow-up of prospective studies, Am J Epidemiol, 150, 341, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010013

Afzal, 2013, Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer: a prospective cohort study, J Invest Dermatol, 133, 629, 10.1038/jid.2012.395

Didelez, 2010, Assumptions of IV methods for observational epidemiology, Stat Sci, 25, 22, 10.1214/09-STS316

Thomas, 2007, Re: Estimation of bias in nongenetic observational studies using “mendelian triangulation” by Bautista et al, Ann Epidemiol, 17, 511, 10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.12.005

MacKinnon, 2007, Mediation analysis, Annu Rev Psychol, 58, 593, 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542

Norman, 1980, Vitamin D deficiency inhibits pancreatic secretion of insulin, Science, 209, 823, 10.1126/science.6250216

Cade, 1986, Vitamin D3 improves impaired glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in the vitamin D-deficient rat in vivo, Endocrinology, 119, 84, 10.1210/endo-119-1-84

Zeitz, 2003, Impaired insulin secretory capacity in mice lacking a functional vitamin D receptor, FASEB J, 17, 509, 10.1096/fj.02-0424fje

Boucher, 1995, Glucose intolerance and impairment of insulin secretion in relation to vitamin D deficiency in east London Asians, Diabetologia, 38, 1239, 10.1007/BF00422375

Gedik, 1986, Effects of vitamin D deficiency and repletion on insulin and glucagon secretion in man, Diabetologia, 29, 142, 10.1007/BF02427083

Mitri, 2011, Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on pancreatic beta cell function, insulin sensitivity, and glycemia in adults at high risk of diabetes: the Calcium and Vitamin D for Diabetes Mellitus (CaDDM) randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr, 94, 486, 10.3945/ajcn.111.011684

Cooper, 2011, Inherited variation in vitamin D genes is associated with predisposition to autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes, Diabetes, 60, 1624, 10.2337/db10-1656

George, 2012, Effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycaemic control and insulin resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabet Med, 29, e142, 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03672.x

Mitri, 2011, Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review, Eur J Clin Nutr, 65, 1005, 10.1038/ejcn.2011.118

Autier, 2013, Vitamin D status and ill health: a systematic review, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol

Engelman, 2013, Vitamin D intake and season modify the effects of the GC and CYP2R1 genes on 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, J Nutr, 143, 17, 10.3945/jn.112.169482

Fall, 2013, The role of adiposity in cardiometabolic traits: a mendelian randomization analysis, PLoS Med, 10, e1001474, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001474

Frayling, 2007, A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity, Science, 316, 889, 10.1126/science.1141634

Saneei, 2013, Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in relation to body mass index: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Obes Rev, 14, 393, 10.1111/obr.12016

Kupferschmidt, 2012, Uncertain verdict as vitamin D goes on trial, Science, 337, 1476, 10.1126/science.337.6101.1476