Visceral leishmaniasis: current status of control, diagnosis, and treatment, and a proposed research and development agenda

The Lancet Infectious Diseases - Tập 2 Số 8 - Trang 494-501 - 2002
Philippe J. Guérin1,2, Piero Olliaro1,3, Shyam Sundar4, Marleen Boelaert5, Simon L. Croft6, P. Desjeux7, Monique Wasunna8, A.D.M. Bryceson6
1DND working Group/Médecins Sans Frontiéres, Geneva, Switzerland
2EPIET fellow of the Norwegian Institute of Public Health
3UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme For Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Communicable Diseases Cluster, Geneva, Switzerland
4Professor and Head of the Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
5Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
6Department of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
7Member of Communicable Diseases Surveillance and Response, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
8Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Desjeux, 1992, Human leishmaniases: epidemiology and public health aspects, World Health Stat Q, 45, 267

Desjeux, 1996, Leishmaniasis. Public health aspects and control, Clin Dermatol, 14, 417, 10.1016/0738-081X(96)00057-0

2001

Thakur, 2000, Socio-economics of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar (India), Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 94, 156, 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90255-4

Arias, 1996, The re-emergence of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil, Emerg Infect Dis, 2, 145, 10.3201/eid0202.960213

Seaman, 1996, The epidemic of visceral leishmaniasis in western Upper Nile, southern Sudan: course and impact from 1984 to 1994, Int J Epidemiol, 25, 862, 10.1093/ije/25.4.862

Herwaldt, 1999, Leishmaniasis, Lancet, 354, 1191, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)10178-2

Ho, 1982, Prevalence and disease spectrum in a new focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Kenya, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 76, 741, 10.1016/0035-9203(82)90095-5

Cerf, 1987, Malnutrition as a risk factor for severe visceral leishmaniasis, J Infect Dis, 156, 1030, 10.1093/infdis/156.6.1030

Alvar, 1997, Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: the first 10 years, Clin Microbiol Rev, 10, 298, 10.1128/CMR.10.2.298

Berman, 1997, Human leishmaniasis: clinical, diagnostic, and chemotherapeutic developments in the last 10 years, Clin Infect Dis, 24, 684, 10.1093/clind/24.4.684

Desjeux, 1998

Pintado, 2001, HIV-associated visceral leishmaniasis, Clin Microbiol Infect, 7, 291, 10.1046/j.1198-743x.2001.00262.x

Wijeyaratne, 1994, Endemic disease and development: the leishmaniases, Acta Trop, 56, 349, 10.1016/0001-706X(94)90106-6

Murray, 1994, The global burden of disease in 1990: summary results, sensitivity analysis and future directions, Bull World Health Organ, 72, 495

Saxena, 1996, Visceral leishmaniasis control in India through primary health care system: a successful experiment of district level planning, J Commun Dis, 28, 122

Bora, 1999, Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in India, Natl Med J India, 12, 62

Gramiccia, 1992, Decreased sensitivity to meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) of leishmania infantum isolated from dogs after several courses of drug treatment, Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 86, 613, 10.1080/00034983.1992.11812717

Tayeh, 1997

Elnaiem, 1999, Protective efficacy of lambdacyhalothrin-impregnated bednets against Phlebotomus orientalis, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan, Med Vet Entomol, 13, 310, 10.1046/j.1365-2915.1999.00191.x

Vythilingam, 1999, Laboratory evaluation of lambda-cyhalothrin a microencapsulated formulation on mosquito nets for control of vector mosquitos, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 30, 177

Khalil, 2000, Autoclaved Leishmania major vaccine for prevention of visceral leishmaniasis: a randomised, double-blind, BCG-controlled trial in Sudan, Lancet, 356, 1565, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03128-7

Herwaldt, 1999, Leishmaniasis, 1189

Boelaert, 1999, Cost-effectiveness of competing diagnostic-therapeutic strategies for visceral leishmaniasis, Bull World Health Organ, 77, 667

Boelaert, 1999, Multi-centre evaluation of repeatability and reproducibility of the direct agglutination test for visceral leishmaniasis, Trop Med Int Health, 4, 31, 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00348.x

Sundar, 1998, Rapid accurate field diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis, Lancet, 351, 563, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)04350-X

Salotra, 2001, Development of a species-specific PCR assay for detection of Leishmania donovani in clinical samples from patients with kala-azar and post-kala- azar dermal leishmaniasis, J Clin Microbiol, 39, 849, 10.1128/JCM.39.3.849-854.2001

Cascio, 2002, Polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis and prognosis of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent children, Pediatrics, 109, E27, 10.1542/peds.109.2.e27

Pizzuto, 2001, Role of PCR in diagnosis and prognosis of visceral leishmaniasis in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J Clin Microbiol, 39, 357, 10.1128/JCM.39.1.357-361.2001

Sundar, 1991, Diagnostic lag period in kala-azar: test for early diagnosis needed, J Assoc Phys India, 39, 651

Schmidt, 1938

Sundar, 2000, Failure of pentavalent antimony in visceral leishmaniasis in India: report from the center of the Indian epidemic, Clin Infect Dis, 31, 1104, 10.1086/318121

Chulay, 1985, Electrocardiographic changes during treatment of leishmaniasis with pentavalent antimony (sodium stibogluconate), Am J Trop Med Hyg, 34, 702, 10.4269/ajtmh.1985.34.702

Sundar, 1998, A cluster of cases of severe cardiotoxicity among kala-azar patients treated with a high-osmolarity lot of sodium antimony gluconate, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 59, 139, 10.4269/ajtmh.1998.59.139

Moore, 2001, Comparison of generic and proprietary sodium stibogluconate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in Kenya, Bull World Health Organ, 79, 388

Ritmeijer, 2001, Ethiopian visceral leishmaniasis: generic and proprietary sodium stibogluconate are equivalent; HIV co-infected patients have a poor outcome, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 95, 668, 10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90110-5

Veeken, 2000, A randomized comparison of branded sodium stibogluconate and generic sodium stibogluconate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis under field conditions in Sudan, Trop Med Int Health, 5, 312, 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00555.x

Murray, 2001, Clinical and experimental advances in treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, Antimicrob Ag Chemother, 45, 2185, 10.1128/AAC.45.8.2185-2197.2001

Bryceson, 2001, Current issues in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 190, 81, 10.1007/s004300100086

Sundar, 2001, Drug resistance in Indian visceral leishmaniasis, Trop Med Int Health, 6, 849, 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00778.x

Lira, 1999, Evidence that the high incidence of treatment failures in Indian kala-azar is due to the emergence of antimony-resistant strains of Leishmania donovani, J Infect Dis, 180, 564, 10.1086/314896

Davidson, 1998, Practical guide for the treatment of leishmaniasis, Drugs, 56, 1009, 10.2165/00003495-199856060-00005

Bryceson, 1985, Visceral leishmaniasis unresponsive to antimonial drugs: I, clinical and immunological studies, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 79, 700, 10.1016/0035-9203(85)90197-X

Ben Salah, 2000, Investigation of the spread of human visceral leishmaniasis in central Tunisia, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 94, 382, 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90112-3

Thakur, 1996, Comparison of regimens of amphotericin B deoxycholate in kala-azar, Indian J Med Res, 103, 259

Berman, 1998, Efficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) for visceral leishmaniasis in endemic developing countries, Bull World Health Organ, 76, 25

Davidson, 1994, Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) in Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis: a multi-centre trial, QJM, 87, 75

Sundar, 2001, Treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis with single or daily infusions of low dose liposomal amphotericin B: randomised trial, BMJ, 323, 419, 10.1136/bmj.323.7310.419

Sundar, 1999, Amphotericin B lipid complex in the management of antimony unresponsive Indian visceral leishmaniasis, J Assoc Phys India, 47, 186

Berman, 1999, Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with amphotericin B colloidal dispersion, Chemotherapy, 45, 54, 10.1159/000048471

Laguna, 1999, Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized trial comparing meglumine antimoniate with amphotericin B, AIDS, 13, 1063, 10.1097/00002030-199906180-00009

Russo, 1996, Visceral leishmaniasis in HIV infected patients: treatment with high dose liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome), J Infect, 32, 133, 10.1016/S0163-4453(96)91343-2

De La Rosa, 2001, Influence of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the outcome of subclinical visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, Clin Infect Dis, 32, 633, 10.1086/318708

Olliaro, 2002, Developments in the treatment of leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis, Expert Opin Emerging Drugs, 7, 61, 10.1517/14728214.7.1.61

Wirth, 2002, A harvest not yet reaped: genomics to new drugs in leishmania and trypanosomes, 33

Trouiller, 2002, Drug development for neglected diseases: a deficient market and a public-health policy failure, Lancet, 359, 2188, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09096-7

Sundar, 1998, Trial of oral miltefosine for visceral leishmaniasis, Lancet, 352, 1821, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)04367-0

Sundar, 1999, Oral treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with miltefosine, Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 93, 589, 10.1080/00034989958096

Jha, 1999, Miltefosine, an oral agent, for the treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis, N Engl J Med, 341, 1795, 10.1056/NEJM199912093412403

Bryceson, 2001, A policy for leishmaniasis with respect to the prevention and control of drug resistance, Trop Med Int Health, 6, 928, 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00795.x

Thakur, 2000, Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with injectable paromomycin (aminosidine): an open-label randomized phase-II clinical study, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 94, 432, 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90131-7

Jha, 1998, Randomised controlled trial of aminosidine (paromomycin) v sodium stibogluconate for treating visceral leishmaniasis in North Bihar, India, BMJ, 316, 1200, 10.1136/bmj.316.7139.1200

Seaman, 1996, Epidemic visceral leishmaniasis in southern Sudan: treatment of severely debilitated patients under wartime conditions and with limited resources, Ann Intern Med, 124, 664, 10.7326/0003-4819-124-7-199604010-00007

Scott, 1992, Aminosidine (paromomycin) in the treatment of leishmaniasis imported into the United Kingdom, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 86, 617, 10.1016/0035-9203(92)90151-2

Thakur, 1992, Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) with aminosidine (paromomycin)-antimonial combinations, a pilot study in Bihar, India, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 86, 615, 10.1016/0035-9203(92)90150-B

Thakur, 1995, Aminosidine plus sodium stibogluconate for the treatment of Indian kala-azar: a randomized dose-finding clinical trial, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 89, 219, 10.1016/0035-9203(95)90503-0

Thakur, 2000, A prospective randomized, comparative, open-label trial of the safety and efficacy of paromomycin (aminosidine) plus sodium stibogluconate versus sodium stibogluconate alone for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 94, 429, 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90130-5

Sherwood, 1994, Phase 2 efficacy trial of an oral 8-aminoquinoline (WR6026) for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, Clin Infect Dis, 19, 1034, 10.1093/clinids/19.6.1034

Dietze, 2001, Phase 2 trial of WR6026, an orally administered 8-aminoquinoline, in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania chagasi, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 65, 685, 10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.685

Boelaert, 1999, Diagnostic PCR with Leishmania donovani specificity, Trop Med Int Health, 4, 789, 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00487.x

Boelaert, 1999, Operational validation of the direct agglutination test for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 60, 129, 10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.129

Boelaert, 1999, Multi-centre evaluation of repeatability and reproducibility of the direct agglutination test for visceral leishmaniasis, Trop Med Int Health, 4, 31, 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00348.x

Jha, 1996, Direct agglutination test for early diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis, J Assoc Phys India, 44, 606

Oskam, 1999, Evaluation of the direct agglutination test (DAT) using freeze-dried antigen for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies in stored sera from various patient groups in Ethiopia, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 93, 275, 10.1016/S0035-9203(99)90021-4

Zijlstra, 2001, Diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis with the recombinant K39 strip test: experience from the Sudan, Trop Med Int Health, 6, 108, 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00680.x

de, 1995, Short report: detection of 72-75-kD and 123-kD fractions of Leishmania antigen in urine of patients with visceral leishmaniasis, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 52, 427, 10.4269/ajtmh.1995.52.427