Visceral adiposity index, hypertriglyceridemic waist and risk of diabetes: the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2009

Yang W, Lu J, Weng J, Jia W, Ji L, Xiao J et al. Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 1090–1101.

Xi B, Liang Y, He T, Reilly KH, Hu Y, Wang Q et al. Secular trends in the prevalence of general and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults, 1993-2009. Obes Rev 2012; 13: 287–296.

Selvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, Matsushita K, Wagenknecht L, Pankow J et al. Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 800–811.

Neeland IJ, Turer AT, Ayers CR, Powell-Wiley TM, Vega GL, Farzaneh-Far R et al. Dysfunctional adiposity and the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in obese adults. JAMA 2012; 308: 1150–1159.

Hu D, Xie J, Fu P, Zhou J, Yu D, Whelton PK et al. Central rather than overall obesity is related to diabetes in the Chinese population: the InterASIA study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15: 2809–2816.

Nazare JA, Smith JD, Borel AL, Haffner SM, Balkau B, Ross R et al. Ethnic influences on the relations between abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adiposity, liver fat, and cardiometabolic risk profile: the International Study of Prediction of Intra-Abdominal Adiposity and Its Relationship With Cardiometabolic Risk/Intra-Abdominal Adiposity. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96: 714–726.

Amato MC, Giordano C, Galia M, Criscimanna A, Vitabile S, Midiri M et al. Visceral Adiposity Index: a reliable indicator of visceral fat function associated with cardiometabolic risk. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 920–922.

Lemieux I, Pascot A, Couillard C, Lamarche B, Tchernof A, Almeras N et al. Hypertriglyceridemic waist: A marker of the atherogenic metabolic triad (hyperinsulinemia; hyperapolipoprotein B; small, dense LDL) in men? Circulation 2000; 102: 179–184.

Popkin BM, Du S, Zhai F, Zhang B . Cohort Profile: The China Health and Nutrition Survey—monitoring and understanding socio-economic and health change in China, 1989–2011. Int J Epidemiol 2010; 39: 1435–1440.

Zhou BF . Predictive values of body mass index and waist circumference for risk factors of certain related diseases in Chinese adults—study on optimal cut-off points of body mass index and waist circumference in Chinese adults. Biomed Environ Sci 2002; 15: 83–96.

American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: S62–S69.

Bagley SC, White H, Golomb BA . Logistic regression in the medical literature: standards for use and reporting, with particular attention to one medical domain. J Clin Epidemiol 2001; 54: 979–985.

Abbate LM, Stevens J, Schwartz TA, Renner JB, Helmick CG, Jordan JM . Anthropometric measures, body composition, body fat distribution, and knee osteoarthritis in women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14: 1274–1281.

Al-Daghri NM, Al-Attas OS, Alokail MS, Alkharfy KM, Charalampidis P, Livadas S et al. Visceral adiposity index is highly associated with adiponectin values and glycaemic disturbances. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43: 183–189.

Yoon KH, Lee JH, Kim JW, Cho JH, Choi YH, Ko SH et al. Epidemic obesity and type 2 diabetes in Asia. Lancet 2006; 368: 1681–1688.

Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, Dietz WH, Vinicor F, Bales VS et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA 2003; 289: 76–79.

Ferrannini E, Natali A, Bell P, Cavallo-Perin P, Lalic N, Mingrone G . Insulin resistance and hypersecretion in obesity. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). J Clin Invest 1997; 100: 1166–1173.

Wildman RP, Muntner P, Reynolds K, McGinn AP, Rajpathak S, Wylie-Rosett J et al. The obese without cardiometabolic risk factor clustering and the normal weight with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering: prevalence and correlates of 2 phenotypes among the US population (NHANES 1999-2004). Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 1617–1624.

Stefan N, Kantartzis K, Machann J, Schick F, Thamer C, Rittig K et al. Identification and characterization of metabolically benign obesity in humans. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 1609–1616.

Primeau V, Coderre L, Karelis AD, Brochu M, Lavoie ME, Messier V et al. Characterizing the profile of obese patients who are metabolically healthy. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 35: 971–981.

Smith JD, Borel AL, Nazare JA, Haffner SM, Balkau B, Ross R et al. Visceral adipose tissue indicates the severity of cardiometabolic risk in patients with and without type 2 diabetes: results from the INSPIRE ME IAA study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: 1517–1525.

Liu J, Fox CS, Hickson DA, May WD, Hairston KG, Carr JJ et al. Impact of abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue on cardiometabolic risk factors: the Jackson Heart Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 5419–5426.

Hayashi T, Boyko EJ, Leonetti DL, McNeely MJ, Newell-Morris L, Kahn SE et al. Visceral adiposity and the prevalence of hypertension in Japanese Americans. Circulation 2003; 108: 1718–1723.

Fox CS, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Pou KM, Maurovich-Horvat P, Liu CY et al. Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments: association with metabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2007; 116: 39–48.

Boyko EJ, Fujimoto WY, Leonetti DL, Newell-Morris L . Visceral adiposity and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study among Japanese Americans. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 465–471.

Hajer GR, van Haeften TW, Visseren FL . Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity, diabetes, and vascular diseases. Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 2959–2971.

Reaven GM . The kidney: an unwilling accomplice in syndrome X. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 30: 928–931.

Gastaldelli A, Miyazaki Y, Pettiti M, Matsuda M, Mahankali S, Santini E et al. Metabolic effects of visceral fat accumulation in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 5098–5103.

Zhang X, Shu XO, Li H, Yang G, Xiang YB, Cai Q et al. Visceral adiposity and risk of coronary heart disease in relatively lean Chinese adults. Int J Cardiol 2013 e-pub ahead of print 2013 doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.275.

Oh JY, Sung YA, Lee HJ . The visceral adiposity index as a predictor of insulin resistance in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 21: 1690–1694.

Tanko LB, Bagger YZ, Qin G, Alexandersen P, Larsen PJ, Christiansen C . Enlarged waist combined with elevated triglycerides is a strong predictor of accelerated atherogenesis and related cardiovascular mortality in postmenopausal women. Circulation 2005; 111: 1883–1890.

Sam S, Haffner S, Davidson MH, D'Agostino RB Sr., Feinstein S, Kondos G et al. Hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype predicts increased visceral fat in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1916–1920.

Czernichow S, Bruckert E, Bertrais S, Galan P, Hercberg S, Oppert JM . Hypertriglyceridemic waist and 7.5-year prospective risk of cardiovascular disease in asymptomatic middle-aged men. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31: 791–796.

Arsenault BJ, Lemieux I, Despres JP, Wareham NJ, Kastelein JJ, Khaw KT et al. The hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype and the risk of coronary artery disease: results from the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. CMAJ 2010; 182: 1427–1432.

Kip KE, Marroquin OC, Kelley DE, Johnson BD, Kelsey SF, Shaw LJ et al. Clinical importance of obesity versus the metabolic syndrome in cardiovascular risk in women: a report from the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Circulation 2004; 109: 706–713.

Katzmarzyk PT, Janssen I, Ross R, Church TS, Blair SN . The importance of waist circumference in the definition of metabolic syndrome: prospective analyses of mortality in men. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 404–409.

Kahn HS, Cheng YJ . Longitudinal changes in BMI and in an index estimating excess lipids among white and black adults in the United States. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32: 136–143.

Wilson PW, Meigs JB, Sullivan L, Fox CS, Nathan DM, D'Agostino RB Sr. . Prediction of incident diabetes mellitus in middle-aged adults: the Framingham Offspring Study. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1068–1074.

Sattar N, Gaw A, Scherbakova O, Ford I, O'Reilly DS, Haffner SM et al. Metabolic syndrome with and without C-reactive protein as a predictor of coronary heart disease and diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation 2003; 108: 414–419.