Vertical groundwater flow in Permo-Triassic sediments underlying two cities in the Trent River Basin (UK)

Anderton, 1979 Appelo, 1993 Bishop, 1992, Level-determined groundwater sampling from open boreholes, Q. J. Eng. Geol., 25, 145, 10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1992.025.02.08 Bliss, 1984, The reliability of packer tests for estimating the hydraulic conductivity of aquifers, Q. J. Eng. Geol., 17, 81, 10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1984.017.01.10 Brassington, 1990, Rising groundwater levels in the United Kingdom, PI Civil Eng. PT, 1, 1037 Brassington, 1992, Measurements of head variations within observation boreholes and their implications for groundwater monitoring, J. Inst. Wat. Env. Mgmt, 6, 91, 10.1111/j.1747-6593.1992.tb00742.x Brassington, 1985, Field techniques using borehole packers in hydrogeological investigations, Q. J. Eng. Geol., 18, 181, 10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1985.018.02.07 British Geological Survey, 1981. Hydrogeological map of the Northern East Midlands. Institute of Geological Sciences (Hydrogeological Department). Natural Environment Research Council (UK). Charsley, 1990, Nottingham: a geological background for planning and development, British Geological Survey Technical Report WA/90/1, 82 Cherry, 1983, Mitigation of contaminants in groundwater at a landfill: a case study, 2. Groundwater monitoring devices, J. Hydrol., 63, 31, 10.1016/0022-1694(83)90222-6 Daw, 1984, Application of aquifer testing to deep shaft investigations, Q. J. Eng. Geol., 17, 367, 10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1984.017.04.12 Downing, 1987, Regional groundwater flow in sedimentary basins in the UK, 105 Edmunds, 1982, Hydrochemical evolution of the East Midlands Triassic sandstone aquifer, England, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 46, 2068, 10.1016/0016-7037(82)90186-7 Edmunds, 2000, Residence time indicators in groundwater: the East Midlands Triassic sandstone aquifer, Appl. Geochem., 15, 737, 10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00079-7 Elci, 2001, Applications of observed and simulated ambient flow in monitoring wells, Ground Water, 39, 853, 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02473.x Ford, M., 1989. Extent, type and sources of inorganic groundwater pollution below the Birmingham conurbation. PhD Thesis, University of Birmingham. Ford, 1994, Source, type and extent of inorganic contamination within the Birmingham urban aquifer system, J. Hydrol., 156, 101, 10.1016/0022-1694(94)90074-4 Ford, 1992, Pollution-related acidification in the urban aquifer, Birmingham, UK, J. Hydrol., 140, 297, 10.1016/0022-1694(92)90245-Q Greswell, 1994, Rising groundwater in the Birmingham area, 330 Hubbert, 1940, The theory of ground-water motion, J. Geol., 48, 785, 10.1086/624930 Hughes, 1999, Sulphate isotope signatures in borehole waters from three urban Triassic sandstone aquifers, 143 Hvorslev, M.J., 1951. Time lag and soil permeability in groundwater investigations. Bulletin 36, Waterways Experiment Station Corps of Engineers. US Army, Vicksburg Mississippi, p. 49. Jackson, 1983, Groundwater chemistry of the Birmingham Triassic Sandstone aquifer and its relation to structure, Q. J. Eng. Geol., 16, 135, 10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1983.016.02.06 Jones, 1995, Level-determined sampling in an uncased borehole, J. Hydrol., 171, 291, 10.1016/0022-1694(95)06015-B Jones, 2000 Lerner, 1996, Urban groundwater issues in the United Kingdom, Hydrogeol. J., 4, 80, 10.1007/s100400050096 Paillet, 2001, Hydraulic head applications of flow logs in the study of heterogeneous aquifers, Ground Water, 39, 667, 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02356.x Powell, 2003, Microbial contamination of two urban sandstone aquifers in the UK, Water Res., 37, 339, 10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00280-4 Price, 1982, A study of intergranular and fissure permeability in chalk and Permian aquifers, using double-packer injection testing, J. Hydrol., 54, 410, 10.1016/0022-1694(82)90165-2 Price, 1993, The influence of unlined boreholes on groundwater chemistry: a comparative study using pore-water extraction and packer sampling, J. Inst. Wat. Env. Mgmt, 7, 651, 10.1111/j.1747-6593.1993.tb00899.x Price, 1993, A pumped double-packer system for use in aquifer evaluation and groundwater sampling, PI Civil Eng.—Water, 101, 85 Rasmussen, 1997, Identifying and removing barometric pressure effects in confined and unconfined aquifers, Ground Water, 35, 502, 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00111.x Riemann, 1999, Impacts of urban growth on surface water and groundwater quality in the City of Dessau, Germany, 307 Rivers, 1996, Use of nitrogen isotopes to identify nitrogen contamination of the Sherwood Sandstone aquifer beneath the city of Nottingham, United Kingdom, Hydrogeol. J., 4, 90, 10.1007/s100400050099 Rivett, 1990, Organic contamination of the Birmingham aquifer, J. Hydrol., 113, 307, 10.1016/0022-1694(90)90181-V Ruffell, 1999, The control of sedimentary facies by climate during phases of crustal extension: examples from the Triassic of onshore and offshore England and Northern Ireland, J. Geol. Soc. Lon., 156, 779, 10.1144/gsjgs.156.4.0779 Rushton, 1982, The unreliability of open observation boreholes in unconfined aquifer pumping tests, Ground Water, 20, 546, 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1982.tb01369.x Rushton, 1993, Significance of vertical flow through low-conductivity zones in the Bromsgrove sandstone aquifer, J. Hydrol., 152, 131, 10.1016/0022-1694(93)90143-W Shapiro, 2002, Cautions and suggestions for geochemical sampling in fractured rock, Ground Water Monit. R, 22, 151, 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2002.tb00764.x Taylor, 2000, Depth variations in aquifer hydrochemistry using a low-cost, multilevel piezometer, 651 Tellam, 1996, Interpreting the borehole water chemistry of the Permo-Triassic sandstone aquifer of the Liverpool area, UK, Geol. J., 31, 61, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1034(199603)31:1<61::AID-GJ692>3.0.CO;2-4 Tellam, 2002, Well water quality and pollutant source distributions in an urban aquifer, 139 Tóth, 1963, A theoretical analysis of groundwater flow in small drainage basins, J. Geophys. Res., 68, 4795, 10.1029/JZ068i016p04795 Trowsdale, S.A., 2002. The depth of penetration of contamination of urban groundwater. Doctoral Thesis, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield (unpublished). Walthall, 1984, The investigation of aquifer parameters using multiple piezometers, Ground Water, 22, 25, 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1984.tb01472.x Walton, 1981 Wheeler, 1994, Inter Milan, Ground Eng., 27, 23 Yang, 1999, Quantification of groundwater recharge in the city of Nottingham, UK, Environ. Geol., 38, 183, 10.1007/s002540050414