Venous thrombosis of the upper extremities

Becker DM, Philbrick JT, Walker FB 4th: Axillary and subclavian venous thrombosis. Prognosis and treatment. Arch Intern Med 1991, 151:1934–1943.

Prandoni P, Bernardi E: Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 1999, 5:222–226.

Crowell DL: Effort thrombosis of the subclavian and axillary veins: review of the literature and case report with two-year follow-up with venography. Ann Intern Med 1960, 52:1337–1343.

Donayre CE, White GH, Mehinger SM, et al.: Pathogenesis determines late morbidity of axillosubclavian vein thrombosis. Am J Surg 1986, 152:179–184.

Tilney NL, Griffiths HJG, Edwards EA: Natural history of major venous thrombosis of the upper extremity. Arch Surg 1970, 101:792–796.

Hicken GJ, Ameli FM: Management of subclavianaxillary vein thrombosis: a review. Can J Surg 1998, 41:13–25. A comprehensive review of the medical and surgical management of UEDVT.

Prandoni P, Polistena P, Bernardi E, et al.: Upper extremity deep-vein thrombosis risk factors, diagnosis, and complications. Arch Intern Med 1997, 157:57–62.

Monreal M, Raventos A, Lerma R, et al.: Pulmonary embolism in patients with upper extremity DVT associated to venous central lines: a prospective study. Thromb Haemost 1994, 72:548–550.

Hingorani A, Ascher E, Lorenson E, et al.: Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis and its impact on morbidity and mortality rates in a hospital-based population. J Vasc Surg 1997, 26:853–860.

Hyers TM, Agnelli G, Hull RD, et al.: Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease. Chest 2001, 199:176S-193S.

Savage KJ, Wells PS, Schulz V, et al.: Outpatient use of low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity. Thromb Haemost 1999, 82:1008–1010. The first publication on the use of outpatient LMWH for the initial treatment of UEDVT.

Gould MK, Dembitzer AD, Sanders GD, et al.: Lowmolecular-weight heparins compared with unfractionated heparin for treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis. A cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med 1999, 130:789–799.

Hull RD, Raskob GE, Rosenbloom D, et al.: Treatment of proximal vein thrombosis with subcutaneous lowmolecular-weight heparin vs intravenous heparin. Arch Intern Med 1997, 157:289–294.

Rutherford RB: Primary subclavian-axillary vein thrombosis: the relative roles of thrombolysis, percutaneous angioplasty, stents, and surgery. Sem Vasc Surg 1998, 11:91–95. A good discussion of the interventional approaches to the treatment of UEDVT from a surgical standpoint.

Chang R, Horne MK, Mayo DJ, et al.: Pulse-spray treatment of subclavian and jugular venous thrombi with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 1996, 7:845–851.

Horne McK, May DJ, Cannon RO, et al.: Intraclot recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis of the lower and upper extremities. Am J Med 2000, 108:251–255.

Wilson JJ, Zahn CA, Newman H: Fibrinolytic therapy for idiopathic subclavian-axillary vein thrombosis. Am J Surgery 1990, 159:208–211.

Francis CW, Marder VJ: Fibrinolytic therapy for venous thrombosis. Prog Cardiovasc dis 1991, 34:193–204.

Machleder HI: Evaluation of a new treatment strategy for Paget-Schroetter syndrome: spontaneous thrombosis of the axillary-subclavian vein. J Vasc Surg 1993, 17:305–317.

DeWeese JA, Adams JT, Gaiser DL: Subclavian venous thrombectomy. Circulation 1970, 41(suppl 5):II147–151.

Spence LD, Gironta MG, Malde HM, et al.: Acute upper extremity deep venous thrombosis: safety and effectiveness of superior vena caval filters. Radiology 1999, 210:53–58.