Variation in ploidy level and genome size of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. along a latitudinal gradient
Tóm tắt
Knowledge of ploidy level and genome size in a germplasm collection is critical before studying genetic diversification of different environmental range in grasses and other plants. We assessed the geographic patterns in ploidy level and genome size of 216 individuals of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (common bermudagrass) by flow cytometry of accessions sampled from 16 geographic sites along a latitudinal gradient from 22°35′ N to 36°18′ N across China. Flow cytometry histograms combined with mitotic chromosome observations results show that tetraploids were the most frequent ploidy level, constituting 44.91% of all individuals. Nuclear DNA contents were 2.384, 2.419, 2.437, 2.873 and 3.288 pg/2C for the diploid, triploid, tetraploid, pentaploid and hexaploid, respectively. Higher proportions of polyploid individuals were observed within populations at the highest and lowest latitudes. In addition, monoploid genome size of C. dactylon progressively increased with increasing ploidy level. Temperature and precipitation had the influence on ploidy level for all the sites. The relationship between ploidy level and geographic distribution for C. dactylon will facilitate the utilization of this species for biological and genetic research.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abbott RJ, Lowe AJ (2004) Origins, establishment and evolution of new polyploid species: Senecio cambrensis and S. eboracensis in the British Isles. Biol J Linn Soc 82: 467–474
Aronson J, Kige LJ, Shmida A (1993) Reproductive allocation strategies in desert and mediterranean populations of annual plants grown with and without water stress. Oecologia 93:336–342
Arumuganathan K, Earle ED (1991) Estimation of nuclear DNA content of plants by flow cytometry. Pl Molec Biol Reporter 9:221–231
Arumuganathan K, Tallury SP, Fraser ML, Bruneau AH, Qu R (1999) Nuclear DNA content of thirteen turfgrass species by flow cytometry. Crop Sci 39:1518–1521
Bashaw EC, Forbes I (1958) Chromosome numbers and microsporogenesis in Dallisgrass Paspalumdilatatum Poir. Agron J 50:441–445
Bennett MD (1976) Dna amount, latitude, and crop plant distribution. Environ Exp Bot 16(2):93–98
Bennett MD (1987) Variation in genomic form in plants and its ecological implications. New Phytol 106:177–200
Bennett MD (1998) Plant genome values–How much do we know? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:2011–2016
Bennett MD, Leitch IJ (1995) Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Ann Bot (Oxford) 76:113–176
Bennett MD, Leitch IJ (2011) Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms: targets, trends and tomorrow. Ann Bot (Oxford) 107:467–590
Bennett MD, Smith JB (1976) Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Philos Trans, Ser B 274:227–274
Bottini MCJ, Greizerstein EJ, Aulicino MB, Poggio L (2000) Relationships among genome size, environmental conditions and geographical distribution in natural populations of NW Patagonian species of Berberis L. (Berberidaceae). Ann Bot (Oxford) 86:565–573
Bowden WM (1940) Diploidy, polyploidy, and winter hardiness relationships in the flowering plants. Amer J Bot 27:357–371
Brochmann C, Brysting AK, Alsos IG, Borgen L, Grundt HH, Scheen AC, Elven R (2004) Polyploidy in arctic plants. Biol J Linn Soc 82:521–536
Bures P, Wang YF, Horova L, Suda J (2004) Genome size variation in central European species of Cirsium (Compositae) and their natural hybrids. Ann Bot (Oxford) 94:353–363
Castelli M, Miller CH, Schmidt-Lebuhn AN (2017) Polyploidization and genome size evolution in Australian billy buttons (Craspedia, Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae). Int J Pl Sci 178:352–361
Comai L (2005) The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid. Nat Rev Genet 6:836–846
Dodson EO, Dodson P (1976) Evolution: process and product. D. Van Nostrand Company, New York
Duncan RE (1945) Production of variable aneuploid numbers of chromosomes within the root tips of Paphiopedilum wardii. Amer J Bot 32:506–509
Eaton TD, Curley J, Williamson RC, Jung G (2004) Determination of the level of variation in polyploidy among Kentucky bluegrass cultivars by means of flow cytometry. Crop Sci 44:2168–2174
Ehrendorfer F (1980) Polyploidy and distribution In Lewis WH (ed) Polyploidy: biological relevance. Plenum Press, London; pp 45–60
Forbes I, Burton GW (1963) Chromosome numbers and meiosis in some Cynodon species and hybrids. Crop Sci 3:75–79
Greilhuber J, Doležel J, Lysak MA, Bennett MD (2005) The origin, evolution and proposed stabilization of the terms ‘Genome size’ and ‘C-value’ to describe nuclear DNA contents. Ann Bot (Oxford) 95:255–260
Grime JP, Shacklock JML, Band SR (1985) Nuclear DNA content, shoot phenology and species co-existence in a limestone grassland community. New Phytol 100:435–448
Gulsen O, Sever-Mutlu S, Mutlu N, Tuna M, Karaguzel O, Shearman RC, Riordan TP, Heng-Moss TM (2009) Polyploidy creates higher diversity among Cynodon accessions as assessed by molecular markers. Theor Appl Genet 118:1309–1319
Hair JB (1966) Biosystematics of the New Zealand flora. New Zealand J Bot 4:559–595
Hanson AA, Oidemeyer DL (1951) Staining root-Tip smears with acetocarmine. Stain Technol 26:24l–232
Heslop-Harrison JS (1995) Flow cytometry and genome analysis. Probe 5:14–17
Husband BC, Ozimec B, Martin SL, Pollock L (2008) Mating consequences of polyploid evolution in flowering plants: current trends and insights from synthetic polyploids. Int J Pl Sci 169:195–206
Jarret RL, Ozias-Akins P, Phatak S, Nadimpalli R, Duncan R, Hiliard S (1995) DNA contents in Paspalum spp. determined by flowcytometry. Genet Resources Crop Evol 42:237–242
Jersáková J, Trávníček P, Kubátová B, Krejčíková J, Urfus T, Liu ZJ, Lamb A,Ponert J, Schulte K, Ćurn V (2013) Genome size variation in Orchidaceae subfamily Apostasioideae: filling the phylogenetic gap. Bot J Linn Soc 172:95–105
Jewell MC, Zhou Y, Loch DS, Godwin ID, Lambrides CJ (2012) Maximizing genetic, morphological, and geographic diversity in a core collection of Australian bermudagrass. Crop Sci 52:879–889
Johnson PG, Riordan TP, Arumuganathan K (1998) Ploidy level determinations in buffalograss clones and populations. Crop Sci 38:478–482
Kang S, Lee G, Lim KB, Lee HJ, Park IS, Chung SJ, Kim JB, Kim DS, Rhee HK (2008) Genetic diversity among Korean bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) ecotypes characterized by morphological, cytological and molecular approaches. Molec Cells 25:163
Leitch IJ, Bennett MD (2004) Genome downsizing in polyploid plants. Biol J Linn Soc 82:651–663
Leong-Škorničková J, Šída O, Jarolímová V (2007) Chromosome numbers and genome size variation in Indian species of Curcuma (Zingiberaceae). Ann Bot (Oxford) 100:505–526
Li WL, Berlyn GP, Ashton PMS (1996) Polyploids and their structural and physiological characteristics relative to water deficit in Betula papyrifera (Betulaceae). Amer J Bot 83:15–20
Maceira NO, Jacquard P, Lumaret R (1993) Competition between diploid and derivative autotetraploid Dactylis glomerata L. from Galicia: implications for the establishment of novel polyploid populations. New Phytol 124:321–328
MacGillivray CW, Grime JP (1995) Genome size predicts frost resistance in British herbaceous plants: implications for rates of vegetation response to global warming. Funct Ecol 9:320–325
Maherali H, Walden AE, Husband BC (2009) Genome duplication and the evolution of physiological responses to water stress. New Phytol 184 :721–731
Medeiros JS, Marshall DL, Aherali HM, Pockman WT (2012) Variation in seedling frost response is associated with climate in Larrea. Oecologia 169:73–84
Mràz P, Tarbush E, Müller-Schärer H (2014) Drought tolerance and plasticity in the invasive knapweed Centaurea stoebe s.l. (Asteraceae): effect of populations stronger than those of cytotype and range. Ann Bot (Oxford) 114:289–299
Ohri D, Khoshoo TN (1986) Genome size in gymnosperms. Pl Syst Evol 153:119–132
Pellicer J, Kelly LJ, Leitch IJ, Zomlefer WB, Fay MF (2014) A universe of dwarfs and giants: genome size and chromosome evolution in the monocot family Melanthiaceae. New Phytol 201:1484–1497
Petit C, Bretagnolle F, Felber F (1999) Evolutionary consequences of diploid–polyploid hybrid zones in wild species. Trends Ecol Evol 14:306–311
Poggio L, Burghardt AD, Hunziker JH (1989) Nuclear DNA variation in diploid and polyploid taxa of Larrea (Zygophyllaceae). Heredity 63:321
Poggio L, Realini MF, Fourastié MF, García AM, González GE (2014) Genome downsizing and karyotype constancy in diploid and polyploid congeners: a model of genome size variation. AoB Plants 6:1–11
Ramsey J (2011) Polyploidy and ecological adaptation in wild yarrow. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:7096–7101
Rice A, Šmarda P, Novosolov M, Drori M, Glick L, Sabath N, Meiri S, Belmaker J, Mayrose I (2019) The global biogeography of polyploid plants. Nat Ecol Evol 3:265
Salabert de Campos JM, Sousa SM, Souza-Silva P, Pinheiro LC, Sampaio F, Viccini F (2011) Chromosome numbers and DNA C-values in the genus Lippia (Verbenaceae). Pl Syst Evol 291:133–140
Schwartz B, Kenworthy K, Engelke M, Genovesi D, Odom R, Quesenberry K (2010) Variation in 2C nuclear DNA content of Zoysia spp. as determined by flow cytometry. Crop Sci 50:1519–1525
Seoighe C (2003) Turning the clock back on ancient genome duplication. Curr Opin Genet Developm 13:636–643
Soltis PS, Soltis DE (2000) The role of genetic and genomic attributes in the success of polyploids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:7051–7057
Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Pires JC, Kovarik A, Tate JA, Mavrodiev E (2004) Recent and recurrent polyploidy in Tragopogon (Asteraceae): cytogenetic, genomic and genetic comparisons. Biol J Linn Soc 82:485–501
Stebbins GL (1984) Polyploidy and the distribution of the arctic-alpine flora: new evidence and a new approach. Bot Helv 72:824–832
Suda J, Meyerson LA, Pysĕk P, Leitch I (2015) The hidden side of plant invasions: the role of genome size. New Phytol 205:994–1007
Swift H (1950) The constancy of desoxyribose nucleic acid in plant nuclei. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 36:643–654
Taliaferro CM, Hopkins AA, Henthorn JC, Murphy CD, Edwards RM (1997) Use of flow cytometry to estimate ploidy level in Cynodon species. Int Turfgrass Soc Res J 8: 385–392
Taliaferro CM, Rouquette FM, Mislevy P (2004) Bermudagrass and stargrass. In Moser LE, Burson BL, Sollenberger LE (eds) Warm-Season (C4) Grasses pp 417–475
te Beest M, Le Roux JJ, Richardson DM, Brysting AK, Suda J, Kubesŏvá M, Pysĕk P (2011) The more the better? The role of polyploidy in facilitating plant invasions. Ann Bot (Oxford) 109:19–45
Thompson KA, Husband BC, Maherali H (2015) No influence of water limitation on the outcome of competition between diploid and tetraploid Chamerion angustifolium (Onagraceae). J Ecol 103:733–741
Wendel JF (2000) Genome evolution in polyploids. Pl Molec Biol 42:225–249
Wu YQ, Taliaferro CM, Bai GH, Martin DL, Anderson MP (2005) Genetic diversity of Cynodon transvalensis Burtt-Davy and its relatedness to hexaploid C. dactylon (L.) Pers. as indicated by AFLP markers. Crop Sci 45:848–853
Wu YQ, Taliaferro CM, Bai GH, Martin DL, Anderson JA (2006) Genetic analyses of Chinese Cynodon accessions by flow cytometry and AFLP markers. Crop Sci 46:917–926