Vaping Instead of Cigarette Smoking: A Panacea or Just Another Form of Cardiovascular Risk?

Jamal, 2018, Current cigarette smoking among adults—United States 2016, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 67, 53, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6702a1 2014 Rehm Hajek, 2014, Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit, Addiction, 109, 1801, 10.1111/add.12659 Bhatnagar, 2014, Electronic cigarettes: a policy statement from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 130, 1418, 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000107 Orellana-Barrios, 2015, Electronic cigarettes—a narrative review for clinicians, Am J Med, 128, 674, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033 Mirbolouk, 2018, Prevalence and distribution of e-cigarette use among U.S. adults: behavioral risk factor surveillance system 2016, Ann Intern Med, 169, 429, 10.7326/M17-3440 Gentzke, 2019, Vital signs: tobacco product use among middle and high school students—United States 2011-2018, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 68, 157, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6806e1 Hammond, 2020, Changes in prevalence of vaping among youths in the United States, Canada, and England from 2017 to 2019, JAMA Pediatr, 174, 797, 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0901 MacDonald, 2019, Electronic cigarettes and cardiovascular health: what do we know so far?, Vasc Health Risk Manag, 15, 159, 10.2147/VHRM.S175970 Ellington, 2020, Update: product, substance-use, and demographic characteristics of hospitalized patients in a nationwide outbreak of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury—United States, August 2019–January 2020, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 69, 44, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6902e2 Kalkhoran, 2018, Prevention and treatment of tobacco use: JACC health promotion series, J Am Coll Cardiol, 72, 1030, 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.036 Russell, 1976, Low-tar medium-nicotine cigarettes: a new approach to safer smoking, Br Med J, 1, 1430, 10.1136/bmj.1.6023.1430 Boas, 2017, Activation of the “splenocardiac axis” by electronic and tobacco cigarettes in otherwise healthy young adults, Physiol Rep, 5, 10.14814/phy2.13393 Middlekauff, 2014, Adverse effects of cigarette and noncigarette smoke exposure on the autonomic nervous system: mechanisms and implications for cardiovascular risk, J Am Coll Cardiol, 64, 1740, 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1201 Ambrose, 2004, The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: an update, J Am Coll Cardiol, 43, 1731, 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.12.047 Williams, 2019, Design features in multiple generations of electronic cigarette atomizers, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16, 2904, 10.3390/ijerph16162904 Jackler, 2019, Nicotine arms race: Juul and the high-nicotine product market, Tob Control, 28, 623, 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054796 Reilly, 2019, Free radical, carbonyl, and nicotine levels produced by Juul electronic cigarettes, Nicotine Tob Res, 21, 1274, 10.1093/ntr/nty221 Mills, 2014, Cardiovascular events associated with smoking cessation pharmacotherapies: a network meta-analysis, Circulation, 129, 28, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003961 Piano, 2010, Impact of smokeless tobacco products on cardiovascular disease: implications for policy, prevention, and treatment: a policy statement from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 122, 1520, 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181f432c3 Boffetta, 2009, Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of myocardial infarction and stroke: systematic review with meta-analysis, BMJ, 339, b3060, 10.1136/bmj.b3060 Goniewicz, 2014, Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes, Tob Control, 23, 133, 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859 Shahab, 2017, Nicotine, carcinogen, and toxin exposure in long-term e-cigarette and nicotine replacement therapy users: a cross-sectional study, Ann Intern Med, 166, 390, 10.7326/M16-1107 Goniewicz, 2017, Exposure to nicotine and selected toxicants in cigarette smokers who switched to electronic cigarettes: a longitudinal within-subjects observational study, Nicotine Tob Res, 19, 160, 10.1093/ntr/ntw160 Pope, 2011, Lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality associated with ambient air pollution and cigarette smoke: shape of the exposure-response relationships, Environ Health Perspect, 119, 1616, 10.1289/ehp.1103639 Alzahrani, 2018, Association between electronic cigarette use and myocardial infarction, Am J Prev Med, 55, 455, 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.05.004 Bhatta, 2019, Electronic cigarette use and myocardial infarction among adults in the US population assessment of tobacco and health, J Am Heart Assoc, 8 Middlekauff, 2019, Association of electronic cigarette use with myocardial infarction: persistent uncertainty, Am J Prev Med, 56, 159, 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.06.007 Garcia, 2020, Cardiovascular autonomic effects of electronic cigarette use: a systematic review, Clin Auton Res, 30, 507, 10.1007/s10286-020-00683-4 Fetterman, 2020, Alterations in vascular function associated with the use of combustible and electronic cigarettes, J Am Heart Assoc, 9 Moheimani, 2017, Sympathomimetic effects of acute e-cigarette use: role of nicotine and non-nicotine constituents, J Am Heart Assoc, 6 Moheimani, 2017, Increased cardiac sympathetic activity and oxidative stress in habitual electronic cigarette users: implications for cardiovascular risk, JAMA Cardiol, 2, 278, 10.1001/jamacardio.2016.5303 Panikkath, 2011, Prolonged Tpeak-to-Tend interval on the resting ECG is associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death, Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 4, 441, 10.1161/CIRCEP.110.960658 Ip, 2020, Tobacco and electronic cigarettes adversely impact ECG indexes of ventricular repolarization: implication for sudden death risk, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 318, H1176, 10.1152/ajpheart.00738.2019 Carnevale, 2016, Acute impact of tobacco vs electronic cigarette smoking on oxidative stress and vascular function, Chest, 150, 606, 10.1016/j.chest.2016.04.012 Biondi-Zoccai, 2019, Acute effects of heat-not-burn, electronic vaping, and traditional tobacco combustion cigarettes: the Sapienza University of Rome—Vascular Assessment of Proatherosclerotic Effects of Smoking (SUR-VAPES ) 2 randomized trial, J Am Heart Assoc, 8 Kelesidis, 2020, Elevated cellular oxidative stress in circulating immune cells in otherwise healthy young people who use electronic cigarettes in a cross-sectional single-center study: implications for future cardiovascular risk, J Am Heart Assoc, 9 Nocella, 2018, Impact of Tobacco Versus Electronic Cigarette Smoking on Platelet Function, Am J Cardiol, 122, 1477, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.07.029 Haptonstall, 2020, Differential effects of tobacco cigarettes and electronic cigarettes on endothelial function in healthy young people, A J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 319, H547, 10.1152/ajpheart.00307.2020 George, 2019, Cardiovascular effects of switching from tobacco cigarettes to electronic cigarettes, J Am Coll Cardiol, 74, 3112, 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.09.067 Hartmann-Boyce, 2018, Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 5, CD000146 Hajek, 2019, A randomized trial of e-cigarettes versus nicotine-replacement therapy, N Engl J Med, 380, 629, 10.1056/NEJMoa1808779 Friedman, 2019, Socioeconomic Disparities in Electronic Cigarette Use and Transitions from Smoking, Nicotine Tob Res, 21, 1363, 10.1093/ntr/nty120 National Institute on Drug Abuse. Monitoring the Future survey. Available at: www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/trends-statistics/infographics/monitoring-future-2019-survey-results-overall-findings. Accessed October 10, 2020. Ip, 2018, Noncigarette tobacco products—gateway or diversion?, JAMA Pediatr, 172, 784, 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1073 Duffy, 2020, Analysis of cannabinoid-containing fluids in illicit vaping cartridges recovered from pulmonary injury patients: identification of vitamin E acetate as a major diluent, Toxics, 8, 8, 10.3390/toxics8010008 Levy, 2018, Potential deaths averted in USA by replacing cigarettes with e-cigarettes, Tob Control, 27, 18, 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053759