Validation of a modified ETDRS chart for European-wide use in populations that use the Cyrillic, Latin or Greek alphabet

Snellen H. Optotypi ad visum determinandum. Utrecht: PW van de Weijer 1862. Charman, 1981, Editorial, Ophthal Physiol Opt, 3, 1 Colenbrander, 2001, Measuring vision and vision loss, vol. 5 Green, 1868, On a new series of test-letters for determining the acuteness of vision, Transact Amer Opth Soc, 4th meeting, 68 Holladay, 2004, Visual acuity measurements, J Cataract Refract Surg, 30, 287, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2004.01.014 Gibson, 1980, Observer variation in ophthalmology, Br J Ophthalmol, 64, 457, 10.1136/bjo.64.6.457 Lovie-Kitchin, 1988, Validity and reliability of visual acuity measurements, Ophthal Physiol Opt, 8, 363, 10.1111/j.1475-1313.1988.tb01170.x Raasch, 1998, Repeatability of visual acuity measurement, Optom Vis Sci, 75, 342, 10.1097/00006324-199805000-00024 Bailey, 1976, New design principles for visual acuity letter charts, Am J Optom Physiol Opt, 53, 740, 10.1097/00006324-197611000-00006 Ferris, 1982, New visual acuity charts for clinical research, Am J Ophthalmol, 94, 91, 10.1016/0002-9394(82)90197-0 Sloan, 1952, Comparison of three types of test target for measurement of visual acuity, Q Rev Ophthalmol Otorhinolaringol, 8, 4 Ferris, 1993, Relative letter and position difficulty on visual acuity charts from the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study, Am J Ophthalmol, 116, 735, 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)73474-9 Becker, 2006, Landolt C and snellen e acuity: differences in strabismus amblyopia?, Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd, 223, 24, 10.1055/s-2005-858613 Becker, 2011, Comparison of visual acuity measured using Landolt-C and ETDRS charts in healthy subjects and patients with various eye diseases, Klin Monbl Augenheilkd, 228, 864, 10.1055/s-0031-1281758 Grimm, 1994, Correlation of optotypes with the Landolt ring – a fresh look at the comparability of optotypes, Optom Vis Sci, 71, 6, 10.1097/00006324-199401000-00002 Wittich, 2006, Differences between recognition and resolution acuity in patients undergoing macular hole surgery, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 47, 3690, 10.1167/iovs.05-1307 Plainis, 2007, A modified ETDRS visual acuity chart for European-wide use, Optom Vis Sci, 84, 647, 10.1097/OPX.0b013e3180dc9a60 Ferris, 1996, Standardizing the measurement of visual acuity for clinical research studies: guidelines from the Eye Care Technology Forum, Ophthalmology, 103, 181, 10.1016/S0161-6420(96)30742-2 Weir, 2005, Quantifying test–retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM, J Strength Cond Res, 19, 231 Bland, 1986, Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement, Lancet, 1, 307, 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90837-8 Arditi, 1993, On the statistical reliability of letter-chart visual acuity measurements, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 34, 120 Elliott, 1988, The use of accurate visual acuity measurements in clinical anti-cataract formulation trials, Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 8, 397, 10.1111/j.1475-1313.1988.tb01176.x Rosser, 2003, How sensitive to clinical change are ETDRS logMAR visual acuity measurements?, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 44, 3278, 10.1167/iovs.02-1100 Rosser, 2001, The development of a “reduced logMAR” visual acuity chart for use in routine clinical practice, Br J Ophthalmol, 85, 432, 10.1136/bjo.85.4.432 Siderov, 1999, Variability of measurements of visual acuity in a large eye clinic, Acta Ophthalmol Scand, 77, 673, 10.1034/j.1600-0420.1999.770613.x Rosser, 2004, The effect of optical defocus on the test–retest variability of visual acuity measurements, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 45, 1076, 10.1167/iovs.03-1320 Falkenstein, 2008, Comparison of visual acuity in macular degeneration patients measured with snellen and early treatment diabetic retinopathy study charts, Ophthalmology, 115, 319, 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.05.028 Laidlaw, 2003, Development of a clinically feasible logMAR alternative to the Snellen chart: performance of the “compact reduced logMAR” visual acuity chart in amblyopic children, Br J Ophthalmol, 87, 1232, 10.1136/bjo.87.10.1232 Dobson, 2009, Normative monocular visual acuity for early treatment diabetic retinopathy study charts in emmetropic children 5 to 12 years of age, Ophthalmology, 116, 1397, 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.01.019 Elliott, 1995, Visual acuity changes throughout adulthood in normal, healthy eyes: seeing beyond 6/6, Optom Vis Sci, 72, 186, 10.1097/00006324-199503000-00006