Validation and Standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the General Population

Kessler, 2005, Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders, 1990 to 2003., N Engl J Med, 352, 2515, 10.1056/NEJMsa043266

Kessler, 2005, Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 62, 617, 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617

Kroenke, 2007, Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection., Ann Intern Med, 146, 317, 10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004

Wittchen, 2002, Generalized anxiety and depression in primary care: prevalence, recognition, and management., J Clin Psychiatry, 63, 24

Roy-Byrne, 1999, Panic disorder in the primary care setting: comorbidity, disability, service utilization, and treatment., J Clin Psychiatry, 60, 492, 10.4088/JCP.v60n0713

Gillock, 2005, Posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care: prevalence and relationships with physical symptoms and medical utilization., Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 27, 392, 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2005.06.004

Spitzer, 1995, Health-related quality of life in primary care patients with mental disorders. Results from the PRIME-MD 1000 Study., JAMA, 274, 1511, 10.1001/jama.1995.03530190025030

Stein, 2005, Functional impact and health utility of anxiety disorders in primary care outpatients., Med Care, 43, 1164, 10.1097/01.mlr.0000185750.18119.fd

Fricchione, 2004, Clinical practice. Generalized anxiety disorder., N Engl J Med, 351, 675, 10.1056/NEJMcp022342

Borkovec, 2001, Psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder., J Clin Psychiatry, 62, 37

Löwe, 2003, Detecting panic disorder in medical and psychosomatic outpatients: comparative validation of the hospital anxiety and depression scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire, a screening question, and physicians’ diagnosis., J Psychosom Res, 55, 515, 10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00072-2

Kessler, 1999, Cross sectional study of symptom attribution and recognition of depression and anxiety in primary care., BMJ, 318, 436, 10.1136/bmj.318.7181.436

Katon, 2007, Anxiety disorders: efficient screening is the first step in improving outcomes., Ann Intern Med, 146, 390, 10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00011

Löwe, 2004, Comparative validity of three screening questionnaires for DSM-IV depressive disorders and physicians’ diagnoses., J Affect Disord, 78, 131, 10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00237-9

Williams, 2002, Identifying depression in primary care: a literature synthesis of case-finding instruments., Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 24, 225, 10.1016/S0163-8343(02)00195-0

Spitzer, 1999, Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study., JAMA, 282, 1737, 10.1001/jama.282.18.1737

Kroenke, 2001, The PHQ-9. Validity of a brief depression severity measure., J Gen Intern Med, 16, 606, 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x

Löwe, 2004, Monitoring depression treatment outcomes with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9., Med Care, 42, 1194, 10.1097/00005650-200412000-00006

Spitzer, 2006, A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7., Arch Intern Med, 166, 1092, 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092

First, 1995, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID).

2000, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR).

Bracken, 1991, State of the art procedures for translating, validating and using psychoeducational tests in cross-cultural assessment., Sch Psychol Int, 12, 119, 10.1177/0143034391121010

Löwe, 2005, Detecting and monitoring depression with a 2-item questionnaire (PHQ-2)., J Psychosom Res, 58, 163, 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.09.006

Kroenke, 2003, The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener., Med Care, 41, 1284, 10.1097/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C

Rosenberg, 1965, Society and the Adolescent Self-Image., 10.1515/9781400876136

Ferring, 1996, Messung des Selbstwertgefühls: Befunde zu Reliabilität, Validität und Stabilität der Rosenberg-Skala. [Measurement of self-esteem: Findings regarding reliability, validity, and stability of the Rosenberg Scale]., Diagnostica, 42, 284

Henrich, 2000, Questions on life satisfaction—a short measure for assessing quality of life., Eur J Psychol Assess, 16, 159, 10.1027//1015-5759.16.3.150

Schumacher, 2005, Resilienzskala—Ein Fragebogen zur Erfassung der psychischen Widerstandsfähigkeit als Personenmerkmal. [Resilience scale—a questionnaire to assess psychological resilience as personality trait]., Z Klin Psych Psychiat, 53, 16

2006, Mikrozensus 2005.

Kessler, 2005, Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 62, 593, 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593

Cohen, 1988, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed.

Bland, 1997, Cronbach's alpha., BMJ, 314, 572, 10.1136/bmj.314.7080.572

Lee, 1995, A two-stage estimation of structural equation models with continuous and polytomous variables., Br J Math Stat Psychol, 48, 339, 10.1111/j.2044-8317.1995.tb01067.x

Hu, 1999, Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives., Struct Equat Model, 6, 1, 10.1080/10705519909540118

Steiger, 1990, Structural model evaluation and modification: an interval estimation approach., Multivariate Behav Res, 25, 173, 10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4

Bentler, 1980, Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures., Psychol Bull, 88, 588, 10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588

Tucker, 1973, The reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis., Psychometrika, 38, 1, 10.1007/BF02291170

Kaplan, 1993, Psychological Testing. Principles, Applications, and Issues. 3rd ed.

Carter, 2001, One-year prevalence of subthreshold and threshold DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in a nationally representative sample., Depress Anxiety, 13, 78, 10.1002/da.1020

Wittchen, 1994, DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 51, 355, 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950050015002

Wittchen, 2000, Disabilities and quality of life in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression in a national survey., Int Clin Psychopharmacol, 15, 319, 10.1097/00004850-200015060-00002

Kessler, 2001, The epidemiology of generalized anxiety disorder., Psychiatr Clin North Am, 24, 19, 10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70204-5

Kessler, 1994, Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 51, 8, 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002

Sackett, 2002, The architecture of diagnostic research., BMJ, 324, 539, 10.1136/bmj.324.7336.539

Sartorra, 1994, Latent Variables Analysis: Applications for Developmental Research., 399

Clark, 1994, Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: implications for the cognitive and tripartite models., J Abnorm Psychol, 103, 645, 10.1037/0021-843X.103.4.645

Pastore, 1996, Abnormalities in weight status, eating attitudes, and eating behaviors among urban high school students: correlations with self-esteem and anxiety., J Adolesc Health, 18, 312, 10.1016/1054-139X(95)00321-I

Löwe, 2004, Diagnosing ICD-10 depressive episodes: superior criterion validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire., Psychother Psychosom, 73, 386, 10.1159/000080393

MacDonald, 2002, A monte carlo comparison of item and person statistics based on item response theory versus classical test theory., Educ Psychol Meas, 62, 921, 10.1177/0013164402238082

Herzberg, 2002, Zur psychometrischen Optimierung einer Reaktanzskala mittels klassischer und IRT-basierter Analysemethoden [Psychometric refinement of a reactance scale by means of classical and IRT-based approaches]., Diagnostica, 48, 163, 10.1026//0012-1924.48.4.163