VEGF Receptor Signaling in Tumor Angiogenesis

Oncologist - Tập 5 Số S1 - Trang 3-10 - 2000
Gerald McMahon1
1SUGEN, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA

Tóm tắt

Abstract

The growth of human tumors and development of metastases depend on the de novo formation of blood vessels. The formation of new blood vessels is tightly regulated by specific growth factors that target receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the Flk-1/KDR RTK have been implicated as the key endothelial cell-specific factor signaling pathway required for pathological angiogenesis, including tumor neovascularization. Inhibition of the VEGF tyrosine kinase signaling pathway blocks new blood vessel formation in growing tumors, leading to stasis or regression of tumor growth. Advances in understanding the biology of angiogenesis have led to the development of several therapeutic modalities for the inhibition of the VEGF tyrosine kinase signaling pathway. A number of these modalities are under investigation in clinical studies to evaluate their potential to treat human cancers.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Folkman, 1971, Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications, N Engl J Med, 285, 1182, 10.1056/NEJM197111182852108

Liotta, 1974, Quantitative relationships of intravascular tumor cells, tumor vessels, and pulmonary metastases following tumor implantation, Cancer Res, 34, 997

Pepper, 1996, Angiogenesis: a paradigm for balanced extracellular proteolysis during cell migration and morphogenesis, Enzyme Protein, 49, 138, 10.1159/000468622

Hanahan, 1996, Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis, Cell, 86, 353, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80108-7

Norrby, 1997, Angiogenesis: new aspects relating to its initiation and control, APMIS, 105, 417, 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1997.tb00590.x

Polverini, 1996, How the extracellular matrix and macrophages contribute to angiogenesis-dependent diseases, Eur J Cancer, 32A, 2430, 10.1016/S0959-8049(96)00386-3

Brem, 1976, Prolonged tumor dormancy by prevention of neovascularization in the vitreous, Cancer Res, 36, 2807

Holmgren, 1995, Dormancy of micrometastases: balanced proliferation and apoptosis in the presence of angiogenesis suppression, Nat Med, 1, 149, 10.1038/nm0295-149

Rifkin, 1989, Recent developments in the cell biology of basic fibroblast growth factor, J Cell Biol, 109, 1, 10.1083/jcb.109.1.1

Nicosia, 1994, Vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor-1 promote rat aortic angiogenesis in vitro, Am J Pathol, 145, 1023

Takahashi, 1996, Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor in human colon cancer angiogenesis: role of infiltrating cells, J Natl Cancer Inst, 88, 1146, 10.1093/jnci/88.16.1146

Jouanneau, 1995, FGF-1 but not FGF-4 secreted by carcinoma cells promotes in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis and rapid tumor proliferation, Growth Factors, 12, 37, 10.3109/08977199509003212

Suri, 1998, Increased vascularization in mice overexpressing angiopoietin-1, Science, 282, 468, 10.1126/science.282.5388.468

Pepper, 1993, Biphasic effect of transforming growth factor-beta 1 on in vitro angiogenesis, Exp Cell Res, 204, 356, 10.1006/excr.1993.1043

Gleave, 1993, Epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated autocrine and paracrine stimulation of human transitional cell carcinoma, Cancer Res, 53, 5300

Ferrara, 1989, Pituitary follicular cells secrete a novel heparin-binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 161, 851, 10.1016/0006-291X(89)92678-8

Leung, 1989, Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen, Science, 246, 1306, 10.1126/science.2479986

Ferrara, 1999, Clinical applications of angiogenic growth factors and their inhibitors, Nat Med, 5, 1359, 10.1038/70928

Neufeld, 1999, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors, FASEB J, 13, 9, 10.1096/fasebj.13.1.9

Meyer, 1999, A novel vascular endothelial growth factor encoded by Orf virus, VEGF- E, mediates angiogenesis via signalling through VEGFR-2 (KDR) but not VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) receptor tyrosine kinases, EMBO J, 18, 363, 10.1093/emboj/18.2.363

Ogawa, 1998, A novel type of vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-E (NZ-7 VEGF), preferentially utilizes KDR/Flk-1 receptor and carries a potent mitotic activity without heparin-binding domain, J Biol Chem, 273, 31273, 10.1074/jbc.273.47.31273

Potgens, 1994, Covalent dimerization of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor is essential for its biological activity. Evidence from Cys to Ser mutations, J Biol Chem, 269, 32879, 10.1016/S0021-9258(20)30073-9

Tischer, 1989, Vascular endothelial growth factor: a new member of the platelet-derived growth factor gene family, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 165, 1198, 10.1016/0006-291X(89)92729-0

McDonald, 1993, A structural superfamily of growth factors containing a cystine knot motif, Cell, 73, 421, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90127-C

Ferrara, 1997, The biology of vascular endothelial growth factor, Endocr Rev, 18, 4, 10.1210/edrv.18.1.0287

Torimura, 1998, Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor is associated with tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma, Hum Pathol, 29, 986, 10.1016/S0046-8177(98)90205-2

Connolly, 1989, Tumor vascular permeability factor stimulates endothelial cell growth and angiogenesis, J Clin Invest, 84, 1470, 10.1172/JCI114322

Plate, 1992, Vascular endothelial growth factor is a potential tumour angiogenesis factor in human gliomas in vivo, Nature, 359, 845, 10.1038/359845a0

Phillips, 1994, Vascular endothelial growth factor (rhVEGF165) stimulates direct angiogenesis in the rabbit cornea, In Vivo, 8, 961

Tolentino, 1996, Vascular endothelial growth factor is sufficient to produce iris neovascularization and neovascular glaucoma in a nonhuman primate, Arch Ophthalmol, 114, 964, 10.1001/archopht.1996.01100140172010

Cao, 1998, Vascular endothelial growth factor C induces angiogenesis in vivo, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95, 14389, 10.1073/pnas.95.24.14389

Alon, 1995, Vascular endothelial growth factor acts as a survival factor for newly formed retinal vessels and has implications for retinopathy of prematurity, Nat Med, 1, 1024, 10.1038/nm1095-1024

Bell, 1999, Oligonucleotide NX1838 inhibits VEGF165-mediated cellular responses in vitro, In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim, 35, 533, 10.1007/s11626-999-0064-y

Kieser, 1994, Mutant p53 potentiates protein kinase C induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression, Oncogene, 9, 963

Grugel, 1995, Both v-Ha-Ras and v-Raf stimulate expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor in NIH 3T3 cells, J Biol Chem, 270, 25915, 10.1074/jbc.270.43.25915

Graeven, 1999, Melanoma-associated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors FLT-1 and KDR, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 125, 621, 10.1007/s004320050325

Shweiki, 1992, Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis, Nature, 359, 843, 10.1038/359843a0

Minchenko, 1994, Hypoxic stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in vitro and in vivo, Lab Invest, 71, 374

Forsythe, 1996, Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription by hypoxia-inducible factor 1, Mol Cell Biol, 16, 4604, 10.1128/MCB.16.9.4604

Ikeda, 1995, Hypoxia-induced transcriptional activation and increased mRNA stability of vascular endothelial growth factor in C6 glioma cells, J Biol Chem, 270, 19761, 10.1074/jbc.270.34.19761

Liu, 1995, Hypoxia regulates vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in endothelial cells. Identification of a 5′ enhancer, Circ Res, 77, 638, 10.1161/01.RES.77.3.638

Takagi, 1996, Adenosine mediates hypoxic induction of vascular endothelial growth factor in retinal pericytes and endothelial cells, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 37, 2165

Hashimoto, 1994, Rapid induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression by transient ischemia in rat heart, Am J Physiol, 267, H1948

Gu, 1997, Hypoxia-induced expression of VEGF is reversible in myocardial vascular smooth muscle cells, Am J Physiol, 273, H628

Partovian, 1998, Heart and lung VEGF mRNA expression in rats with monocrotaline- or hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension, Am J Physiol, 275, H1948

Ware, 1997, Angiogenesis in ischemic heart disease, Nat Med, 3, 158, 10.1038/nm0297-158

Liu, 1995, Melanoma cell lines express VEGF receptor KDR and respond to exogenously added VEGF, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 217, 721, 10.1006/bbrc.1995.2832

Benjamin, 1997, Conditional switching of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in tumors: induction of endothelial cell shedding and regression of hemangioblastoma-like vessels by VEGF withdrawal, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 94, 8761, 10.1073/pnas.94.16.8761

Mustonen, 1995, Endothelial receptor tyrosine kinases involved in angiogenesis, J Cell Biol, 129, 895, 10.1083/jcb.129.4.895

Breier, 1992, Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor during embryonic angiogenesis and endothelial cell differentiation, Development, 114, 521, 10.1242/dev.114.2.521

Jakeman, 1993, Developmental expression of binding sites and messenger ribonucleic acid for vascular endothelial growth factor suggests a role for this protein in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, Endocrinology, 133, 848, 10.1210/endo.133.2.7688292

Hubbard, 1999, Structural analysis of receptor tyrosine kinases, Prog Biophys Mol Biol, 71, 343, 10.1016/S0079-6107(98)00047-9

Strawn, 1998, Tyrosine kinases in disease: overview of kinase inhibitors as therapeutic agents and current drugs in clinical trials, Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 7, 553, 10.1517/13543784.7.4.553

Millauer, 1993, High affinity VEGF binding and developmental expression suggest Flk-1 as a major regulator of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, Cell, 72, 835, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90573-9

Quinn, 1993, Fetal liver kinase 1 is a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor and is selectively expressed in vascular endothelium, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90, 7533, 10.1073/pnas.90.16.7533

Millauer, 1994, Glioblastoma growth inhibited in vivo by a dominant-negative Flk-1 mutant, Nature, 367, 576, 10.1038/367576a0

Bernatchez, 1999, Vascular endothelial growth factor effect on endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and platelet-activating factor synthesis is Flk-1-dependent, J Biol Chem, 274, 31047, 10.1074/jbc.274.43.31047

Kurebayashi, 1999, Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members in breast cancer, Jpn J Cancer Res, 90, 977, 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00844.x

Shaheen, 1999, Antiangiogenic therapy targeting the tyrosine kinase receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibits the growth of colon cancer liver metastasis and induces tumor and endothelial cell apoptosis, Cancer Res, 59, 5412

Yoshiji, 1999, KDR/Flk-1 is a major regulator of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced tumor development and angiogenesis in murine hepatocellular carcinoma cells, Hepatology, 30, 1179, 10.1002/hep.510300509

Droller, 1998, Vascular endothelial growth factor is a predictor of relapse and stage progression in superficial bladder cancer, J Urol, 160, 1932, 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62450-9

Kitamura, 1998, Concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor in the sera of gastric cancer patients, Oncol Rep, 5, 1419

Balbay, 1999, Highly metastatic human prostate cancer growing within the prostate of athymic mice overexpresses vascular endothelial growth factor, Clin Cancer Res, 5, 783

Parry, 1999, Bioactivity of anti-angiogenic ribozymes targeting Flt-1 and KDR mRNA, Nucleic Acids Res, 27, 2569, 10.1093/nar/27.13.2569

Kim, 1993, Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis suppresses tumour growth in vivo, Nature, 362, 841, 10.1038/362841a0

Borgstrom, 1996, Complete inhibition of angiogenesis and growth of microtumors by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor neutralizing antibody: novel concepts of angiostatic therapy from intravital videomicroscopy, Cancer Res, 56, 4032

Melnyk, 1996, Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes tumor dissemination by a mechanism distinct from its effect on primary tumor growth, Cancer Res, 56, 921

Lin, 1998, Inhibition of tumor growth by targeting tumor endothelium using a soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, Cell Growth Differ, 9, 49

Prewett, 1999, Antivascular endothelial growth factor receptor (fetal liver kinase 1) monoclonal antibody inhibits tumor angiogenesis and growth of several mouse and human tumors, Cancer Res, 59, 5209

Fong, 1999, SU5416 is a potent and selective inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (Flk-1/KDR) that inhibits tyrosine kinase catalysis, tumor vascularization, and growth of multiple tumor types, Cancer Res, 59, 99

Angelov, 1999, Inhibition of angiogenesis by blocking activation of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 leads to decreased growth of neurogenic sarcomas, Cancer Res, 59, 5536

Hennequin, 1999, The design and synthesis of a novel, orally active VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res, 40, 69a

Ogilvie, 1999, ZD4190: an orally administered inhibitor of VEGF signaling with pan-xenograft anti-tumor activity, Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res, 40, 69a

Wedge, 1999, Effect of the VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD4190 on vascular endothelial permeability, Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res, 40, 415a

Xu, 1999, Therapy of VEGF-dependent human ovarian carcinoma by oral administration of CGP 79787/ZK222584, an inhibitor of the VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase, Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res, 40, 457a

Belletti, 1999, Modulation of in vivo growth of thyroid tumor-derived cell lines by sense and antisense vascular endothelial growth factor gene, Oncogene, 18, 4860, 10.1038/sj.onc.1202869

Shih, 1999, Role of protein kinase C isoforms in phorbol ester-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human glioblastoma cells, J Biol Chem, 274, 15407, 10.1074/jbc.274.22.15407

Oku, 1998, Tumor growth modulation by sense and antisense vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression: effects on angiogenesis, vascular permeability, blood volume, blood flow, fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, and proliferation of human melanoma intracerebral xenografts, Cancer Res, 58, 4185

Warren, 1995, Regulation by vascular endothelial growth factor of human colon cancer tumorigenesis in a mouse model of experimental liver metastasis, J Clin Invest, 95, 1789, 10.1172/JCI117857

Asano, 1999, Wide spectrum of antitumor activity of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to human vascular endothelial growth factor, Jpn J Cancer Res, 90, 93, 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00671.x

Wang, 1998, The effect of antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor on tumor growth and metastasis, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 124, 615, 10.1007/s004320050223

Presta, 1997, Humanization of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody for the therapy of solid tumors and other disorders, Cancer Res, 57, 4593

Gordon, 1998, Phase I trial of recombinant humanized monoclonal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF MAB) in patients (pts) with metastatic cancer, Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, 17, 211a

Reese, 1999, A phase II trial of humanized monoclonal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody (rhumAb) in hormone refractory prostate cancer, Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, 18, 351a

Goldman, 1998, Paracrine expression of a native soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibits tumor growth, metastasis, and mortality rate, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95, 8795, 10.1073/pnas.95.15.8795

Sun, 1999, Design, synthesis, and evaluations of substituted 3-[(3- or 4- carboxyethylpyrrol-2-yl)methylidenyl]indolin-2-ones as inhibitors of VEGF, FGF, and PDGF receptor tyrosine kinases, J Med Chem, 42, 5120, 10.1021/jm9904295

Hamby, 1999, Small molecule inhibitors of tumor-promoted angiogenesis, including protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors, Pharmacol Ther, 82, 169, 10.1016/S0163-7258(98)00053-9

Rosen, 1999, Phase 1 dose-escalating trial of SU5416, a novel angiogenesis inhibitor in patients with advanced malignancies, J Clin Oncol, 18, 161a

Scigalla, 1999, First preclinical and clinical results with the antiangiogenetic substance SU5416 in malignancies, Eur J Cancer, 35, S62a

Shawver, 1999, SU6668 is a potent, broad spectrum angiogenesis inhibitor that exhibits anti-tumor properties, Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res, 40, 723a

Liang, 1999, Discovery and design of angiogenesis inhibitors that inhibit tyrosine kinase activities associated with VEGF, FGF, and PDGF receptors, Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res, 40, 68a

Fabbro, 1999, Inhibitors of protein kinases: CGP 41251, a protein kinase inhibitor with potential as an anticancer agent, Pharmacol Ther, 82, 293, 10.1016/S0163-7258(99)00005-4