Sử dụng việc gieo hạt cỏ bản địa và chăn thả mục tiêu vào mùa xuân để giảm thiểu sự xâm lấn mức độ thấp của Bromus tectorum trên Cao nguyên Colorado

Biological Invasions - Tập 23 - Trang 705-722 - 2020
Lauren M. Porensky1, Owen Baughman2, Matthew A. Williamson3, Barry L. Perryman4, Matthew D. Madsen5, Elizabeth A. Leger6
1Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, USA
2Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
3Human-Environment Systems, Boise State University, Boise, USA
4Department of Agriculture, Veterinary, and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
5Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, USA
6Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA

Tóm tắt

Việc giảm thiểu sự phong phú của các loài xâm lấn gần rìa của những vùng xâm lấn là rất quan trọng để duy trì các hệ sinh thái đa dạng và hoạt động hiệu quả, nhưng việc loại bỏ các loài xâm lấn đang tồn tại ở mức độ thấp trong các cộng đồng thực vật mong muốn có thể gặp khó khăn. Tập trung vào loài cỏ hàng năm xâm lấn, Bromus tectorum, gần rìa phân bố của nó ở Cao nguyên Colorado miền nam, chúng tôi đã thực hiện một nghiên cứu quan sát để tìm hiểu các thành phần của cộng đồng thực vật nào liên quan đến mức độ thấp của B. tectorum, và một thí nghiệm can thiệp để kiểm tra liệu việc chăn thả mục tiêu vào mùa xuân hoặc gieo hạt các loài cạnh tranh bản địa có hiệu quả trong việc đảo ngược sự xâm lấn mức độ thấp hay không. Nghiên cứu quan sát cho thấy rằng, sự che phủ của cỏ đa niên C3 và sự che phủ của bụi cây có liên quan đến sự phong phú thấp của B. tectorum, và các cây Poa fendleriana và Pascopyrum smithii trưởng thành có ít cá thể B. tectorum nhất trong vòng 50 cm. Thí nghiệm can thiệp của chúng tôi đã sử dụng thiết kế ngẫu nhiên và phân cấp để thử nghiệm hiệu quả tương đối của việc gieo hạt cỏ đa niên bản địa bằng nhiều cách bố trí không gian khác nhau, tỷ lệ gieo hạt, tăng cường hạt giống và chăn thả mục tiêu vào mùa xuân. Hai năm sau khi gieo hạt, tỷ lệ thành công của các loài được gieo hạt trong các ô có tỷ lệ gieo hạt cao hơn gấp 36% so với các ô không gieo hạt, đồng thời các ô có tỷ lệ gieo hạt cao cũng có sự che phủ của B. tectorum thấp hơn. Một mùa sau khi chăn thả mục tiêu vào mùa xuân (1 lần điều trị chăn thả vào mùa xuân kéo dài 2 tuần 17 tháng sau khi gieo hạt), các bãi chăn thả cho thấy xu hướng hướng về mật độ cao hơn của các loài được gieo hạt và khối lượng B. tectorum thấp hơn trong một số hình thức gieo hạt, so với các bãi không chăn thả. Kết quả cho thấy việc gieo hạt cỏ bản địa với tỷ lệ cao có thể hiệu quả và việc chăn thả mùa xuân trong thời gian ngắn cần được đánh giá thêm như những công cụ tiềm năng để ngăn chặn sự biến đổi của hệ sinh thái dọc theo các rìa xâm lấn.

Từ khóa

#Bromus tectorum #cỏ bản địa #gieo hạt #chăn thả #sự xâm lấn #Cao nguyên Colorado

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abella SR, Chiquoine LP (2019) The good with the bad: when ecological restoration facilitates native and non-native species. Restor Ecol 27:343–351 Ahmed MA et al (2018) Engineering rhizosphere hydraulics: Pathways to improve plant adaptation to drought. Vadose Zone J 17:160090 Alba C, Skalova H, McGregor KF et al (2015) Native and exotic plant species respond differently to wildfire and prescribed fire as revealed by meta-analysis. J Veg Sci 26:102–113 Balch JK, Bradley BA, D’Antonio CM et al (2013) Introduced annual grass increases regional fire activity across the arid western USA (1980–2009). Glob Change Biol 19:173–183 Bansal S, Sheley RL (2016) Annual grass invasion in sagebrush steppe: the relative importance of climate, soil properties and biotic interactions. Oecologia 181:543–557 Bartoń K (2015) MuMIn. R package version 1.13.4 Bates D et al (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using ime4. J Stat Softw 67:1–48 Beckstead J, Augspurger CK (2004) An experimental test of resistance to cheatgrass invasion: limiting resources at different life stages. Biol Invasions 6:417–432 Belnap J, Phillips S, Troxler T (2006) Soil lichen and moss cover and species richness can be highly dynamic: the effects of invasion by the annual exotic grass Bromus tectorum, precipitation, and temperature on biological soil crusts in SE Utah. Appl Soil Ecol 32:63–76 Belnap J, Phillips SL (2001) Soil biota in an ungrazed grassland: response to annual grass (Bromus tectorum) invasion. Ecol Appl 11:1261–1275 Belsky AJ, Blumenthal DM (1997) Effects of livestock grazing on stand dynamics and soils in upland forests of the interior west. Conserv Biol 11:315–327 Bertness MD, Callaway R (1994) Positive interactions in communities. Trends Ecol Evol 9:191–193 Bishop TBB, Munson S, Gill RA et al (2019) Spatiotemporal patterns of cheatgrass invasion in Colorado Plateau National Parks. Landsc Ecol 34:925–941 Borman MM, Krueger WC, Johnson DE (1991) Effects of established perennial grasses on yields of associated annual weeds. Rangel Ecol Manag 44:318–322 Bradley BA (2009) Regional analysis of the impacts of climate change on cheatgrass invasion shows potential risk and opportunity. Glob Change Biol 15:196–208 Bradley BA, Curtis CA, Fusco EJ et al (2018) Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) distribution in the intermountain Western United States and its relationship to fire frequency, seasonality, and ignitions. Biol Invasions 20:1493–1506 Bradley BA, Marvin DC (2011) Using expert knowledge to satisfy data needs: mapping invasive plant distributions in the western United States. West N Am Nat 71:302–315 Bradley BA, Mustard JF (2006) Characterizing the landscape dynamics of an invasive plant and risk of invasion using remote sensing. Ecol Appl 16:1132–1147 Brooks ML, D’Antonio CM, Richardson DM et al (2004) Effects of invasive alien plants on fire regimes. Bioscience 54:677–688 Brummer TJ, Taylor KT, Rotella J et al (2016) Drivers of Bromus tectorum abundance in the western North American sagebrush steppe. Ecosystems 19:986–1000 Callaway RM, DeLucia EH, Moore D et al (1996) Competition and facilitation: contrasting effects of Artemisia tridentata on desert vs. montane pines. Ecology 77:2130–2141 Chambers JC, Bradley BA, Brown CS et al (2014) Resilience to stress and disturbance, and resistance to Bromus tectorum L. invasion in cold desert shrublands of western North America. Ecosystems 17:360–375 Chambers JC, Roundy BA, Blank RR et al (2007) What makes great basin sagebrush ecosystems invasible by Bromus tectorum? Ecol Monogr 77:117–145 Condon L, Weisberg PJ, Chambers JC (2011) Abiotic and biotic influences on Bromus tectorum invasion and Artemisia tridentata recovery after fire. Int J Wildland Fire 20:597–604 Condon LA, Pyke DA (2018) Fire and grazing influence site resistance to Bromus tectorum through their effects on shrub, bunchgrass and biocrust communities in the Great Basin (USA). Ecosystems 21:1416–1431 D’Antonio CM, Vitousek PM (1992) Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 23:63–87 Davies KW, Nafus AM (2013) Exotic annual grass invasion alters fuel amounts, continuity and moisture content. Int J Wildland Fire 22:353–358 Davies KW, Svejcar TJ, Bates JD (2009) Interaction of historical and nonhistorical disturbances maintains native plant communities. Ecol Appl 19:1536–1545 Davies KW, Bates JD, Svejcar TJ et al (2010) Effects of long-term livestock grazing on fuel characteristics in rangelands: an example from the sagebrush steppe. Rangel Ecol Manag 63:662–669 Davies KW, Bates JD, Boyd CS et al (2016) Prefire grazing by cattle increases postfire resistance to exotic annual grass (Bromus tectorum) invasion and dominance for decades. Ecol Evol 6:3356–3366 Davies KW, Boyd CS, Bates JD et al (2016) Winter grazing can reduce wildfire size, intensity and behaviour in a shrub-grassland. Int J Wildland Fire 25:191–199 Davies KW, Gearhart A, Boyd CS et al (2017) Fall and spring grazing influence fire ignitability and initial spread in shrub steppe communities. Int J Wildland Fire 26:485–490 Deines L, Rosentreter R, Eldridge D et al (2007) Germination and seedling establishment of two annual grasses on lichen-dominated biological soil crusts. Plant Soil 295:23–35 Diamond JM, Call CA, Devoe N (2009) Effects of targeted cattle grazing on fire behavior of cheatgrass-dominated rangeland in the northern Great Basin, USA. Int J Wildland Fire 18:944–950 Diamond JM, Call CA, Devoe N (2012) Effects of targeted grazing and prescribed burning on community and seed dynamics of a downy brome (Bromus tectorum) dominated landscape. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 5:259–269 DiTomaso JM (2000) Invasive weeds in rangelands: species, impacts, and management. Weed Sci 48:255–265 Eiswerth ME, Darden TD, Johnson WS et al (2005) Input-output modeling, outdoor recreation, and the economic impacts of weeds. Weed Sci 53:130–137 Evans RA, Young JA (1970) Plant litter and establishment of alien annual weed species in rangeland communities. Weed Sci 18:697–703 Fernelius KJ et al (2017) Post-fire interactions between soil water repellency, islands of fertility and Bromus tectorum invasibility. J Arid Environ 144:98–109 Ferrenberg S, Faist AM, Howell A et al (2018) Biocrusts enhance soil fertility and Bromus tectorum growth, and interact with warming to influence germination. Plant Soil 429:77–90 Frost R, Launchbaugh K (2003) Prescription grazing for rangeland weed management: a new look at an old tool. Rangelands 25:43–47 Goergen EM, Leger EA, Espeland EK (2011) Native perennial grasses show evolutionary response to Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) invasion. PLoS ONE 6:e18145 Gray ME, Dickson BG (2015) A new model of landscape-scale fire connectivity applied to resource and fire management in the Sonoran Desert. USA Ecol Appl 25:1099–1113 Griffith AB (2010) Positive effects of native shrubs on Bromus tectorum demography. Ecology 91:141–154 Holthuijzen MF, Veblen KE (2016) Grazing effects on precipitation-driven associations between sagebrush and perennial grasses. West N Am Nat 76:313–325 Hulvey KB, Leger EA, Porensky LM et al (2017) Restoration islands: a tool for efficiently restoring dryland ecosystems? Restor Ecol 25:S124–S134 Jones RO, Chambers JC, Board DI et al (2015) The role of resource limitation in restoration of sagebrush ecosystems dominated by cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum). Ecosphere 6:1–21 Klinger R, Brooks M (2017) Alternative pathways to landscape transformation: invasive grasses, burn severity and fire frequency in arid ecosystems. J Ecol 105:1521–1533 Kostka SJ (2000) Amelioration of water repellency in highly managed soils and the enhancement of turfgrass performance through the systematic application of surfactants. J Hydrol 231–232:359–368 Kulpa SM, Leger EA, Espeland EK et al (2012) Postfire seeding and plant community recovery in the Great Basin. Rangel Ecol Manag 65:171–181 Loeser MRR, Sisk TD, Crews TE (2007) Impact of grazing intensity during drought in an Arizona grassland. Conserv Biol 21:87–97 Mack RN (1981) Invasion of Bromus tectorum L. into Western North America: an ecological chronicle. Agro-Ecosystems 7:145–165 Madsen MD, Davies KW, Boyd CS et al (2016) Emerging seed enhancement technologies for overcoming barriers to restoration. Restor Ecol 24:S77–S84 Madsen MD, Kostka SJ, Fidanza MA et al (2016) Low-dose application of non-ionic alkyl terminated block copolymer surfactant enhances turfgrass seed germination and plant growth. HortTechnology 26:379–385 Madsen MD, Kostka SJ, Inouye AL et al (2012) Postfire restoration of soil hydrology and wildland vegetation using surfactant seed coating technology. Rangel Ecol Manag 65:253–259 Madsen MD, Zvirzdin DL, Roundy BA et al (2014) Improving reseeding success after catastrophic wildfire with surfactant seed coating technology. Am Soc Test Mater STP 1569:44–55 Maestre FT, Callaway RM, Valladares F et al (2009) Refining the stress-gradient hypothesis for competition and facilitation in plant communities. J Ecol 97:199–205 Mangla S, Sheley RL, James JJ et al (2011) Intra and interspecific competition among invasive and native species during early stages of plant growth. Plant Ecol 212:531–542 Mazzola MB, Chambers JC, Blank RR et al (2010) Effects of resource availability and propagule supply on native species recruitment in sagebrush ecosystems invaded by Bromus tectorum. Biol Invasions 13:513–526 Munson SM, Duniway MC, Johanson JK (2016) Rangeland monitoring reveals long-term plant responses to precipitation and grazing at the landscape scale. Rangel Ecol Manag 69:76–83 Munson SM, Long AL, Decker C et al (2015) Repeated landscape-scale treatments following fire suppress a non-native annual grass and promote recovery of native perennial vegetation. Biol Invasions 17:1915–1926 Owen SM, Sieg CH, Gehring CA (2011) Rehabilitating downy brome (Bromus tectorum)-invaded scrublands using imazapic and seeding with native shrubs. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 4:223–233 Pierson FB, Blackburn WH, Van Vactor SS (2007) Hydrologic impacts of mechanical seeding treatments on sagebrush rangelands. Rangel Ecol Manag 60:666–674 Pilliod DS, Welty JL, Arkle RS (2017) Refining the cheatgrass–fire cycle in the Great Basin: precipitation timing and fine fuel composition predict wildfire trends. Ecol Evol 7:8126–8151 Porensky LM, Leger EA, Davison J et al (2014) Arid old-field restoration: native perennial grasses suppress weeds and erosion, but also suppress native shrubs. Agr Ecosyst Environ 184:135–144 Porensky LM, Perryman BL, Williamson MA et al (2018) Combining active restoration and targeted grazing to establish native plants and reduce fuel loads in invaded ecosystems. Ecol Evol 8:12533–12546 Porensky LM, Vaughn KJ, Young TP (2012) Can initial intraspecific spatial aggregation increase multi-year coexistence by creating temporal priority? Ecol Appl 22:927–936 PRISM Climate Group Oregon State University. https://prism.oregonstate.edu. Assessed 4 Feb 2004 Reisner MD, Grace JB, Pyke DA et al (2013) Conditions favouring Bromus tectorum dominance of endangered sagebrush steppe ecosystems. J Appl Ecol 50:1039–1049 Rowe CLJ, Leger EA (2011) Competitive seedlings and inherited traits: a test of rapid evolution of Elymus multisetus (big squirreltail) in response to cheatgrass invasion. Evol Appl 4:485–498 Schantz MC, Sheley RL, James JJ et al (2016) Role of dispersal timing and frequency in annual grass—invaded Great Basin ecosystems: how modifying seeding strategies increases restoration success. West N Am Nat 76:36–52 Schmelzer L (2009) Reducing fuel load of key cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) dominated range sites by the use of fall cattle grazing. MS Thesis. University of Nevada, Reno Schmelzer L, Perryman B, Bruce B et al (2014) Case study: reducing cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) fuel loads using fall cattle grazing. Prof Anim Sci 30:270–278 Seabloom EW, Harpole WS, Reichman OJ et al (2003) Invasion, competitive dominance, and resource use by exotic and native California grassland species. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:13384–13389 Serpe M, Orm J, Barkes T et al (2006) Germination and seed water status of four grasses on moss-dominated biological soil crusts from arid lands. Plant Ecol 185:163–178 Sisk TD, Albano CM, Aumack EA, Bernstein EJ, Crews TE, Dickson BG, Schlosberg D (2010). Integrating restoration and conservation objectives at the landscape scale: the Kane and Two-mile Ranch project. In: The Colorado Plateau IV: shaping conservation through science and management. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp 45–66 Slate ML, Callaway RM, Pearson DE (2019) Life in interstitial space: Biocrusts inhibit exotic but not native plant establishment in semi-arid grasslands. J Ecol 107:1317–1327 Soil Survey Staff NRCS, USDA (2015) Soil survey geographic (SSURGO) database. https://sdmdataaccess.nrcs.usda.gov/ St. Clair SB, Bishop TBB (2019) Loss of biotic resistance and high propagule pressure promote invasive grass-fire cycles. J Ecol 107:1995–2005 Strand EK, Launchbaugh KL, Limb R et al (2014) Livestock grazing effects on fuel loads for wildland fire in sagebrush dominated ecosystems. J Rangel Appl 1:35–57 Turnbull LA, Crawley MJ, Rees M (2000) Are plant populations seed-limited? A review of seed sowing experiments. Oikos 88:225–238 Vaughn KJ, Young TP (2015) Short-term priority over exotic annuals increases the initial density and longer-term cover of native perennial grasses. Ecol Appl 25:791–799 Williamson MA, Fleishman E, Mac Nally RC et al (2020) Fire, livestock grazing, topography, and precipitation affect occurrence and prevalence of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) in the central Great Basin. USA Biol Inv 22:663–680