Using degree-day accumulations and host phenology for predicting larval emergence patterns of the olive psyllid, Euphyllura phillyreae
Tóm tắt
The olive psyllid, Euphyllura phillyreae Foerster is one of the most destructive pests on buds and flowers of olive tree (Olea europaea L.) in May when the olive growers cannot apply any insecticides against the pest. Temperature-dependent development of the psyllid was studied at constant temperatures ranged 16–26°C. A degree-day (DD) model was developed to predict the larval emergence using the weekly cumulative larval counts and daily mean temperatures. Linear regression analysis estimated a lower developmental threshold of 4.1 and 4.3°C and a thermal constant of 164.17 and 466.13 DD for development of egg and larva, respectively. The cumulative larval counts of E. phillyreae approximated by probit transformation were plotted against time, expressed as the sum of DD above 4.3°C, the starting date when the olive tree phenology was the period of flower cluster initiation. A linear model was used to describe the relationship of DDs and probit values of larval emergence patterns of E. phillyreae and predicted that 10, 50 and 95% emergence of the larvae required 235.81, 360.22 and 519.93 DD, respectively, with errors of 1–3 days compared to observed values. Based on biofix depends the development of olive tree phenology; the DD model can be used as a forecasting method for proper timing of insecticide applications against E. phillyreae larvae in olive groves.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Armitage P, Berry G (1994) Statistical methods in medical research, 3rd edn. Blackwell Science, Oxford
Baldassari N, Baronio P, Nemec V, Rejzek M, Wimmer Z (1997) Control of Cacopsylla (Psylla) pyri (L) (Stenorhyncha, Psyllidae) by juvenile hormone analogues. J Appl Entomol 121(6):343–351
Bene GD, Gargani E, Landi S (1997) Observations on the life cycle and diapause of Euphyllura olivina (Costa) and Euphyllura phillyreae Foerster (Homoptera, Aphalaridae). Adv Hortic Sci 11:10–16
Berankova J, Kocourek F (1994) The monitoring of the phenology and population dynamics of the pear psylla (Psylla pyri L.). Ochrana Rostlin 30(4):283–292
Bonnemaison L, Missonnier J (1956) Le psylle du poirier (Psylla pyri L.): morphologie et biologie. Méthode de Lutte. Annales Epiphyties 7:263–231
Burckhardt D, Onucar A (1993) A review of Turkish jumping plant-lice (Homoptera, Psylloidea). Rev Suisse Zool 100(3):547–574
Del Tio R, Martinez JL, Ocete R, Ocete ME (2001) Study of the relationship between sex pheromone trap catches of Lobesia botrana (Den.&Schi..) (Lep., Tortricidae) and the accumulation of degree-days in Sherry vineyards (SW of Spain). J Appl Entomol 125:9–14
Dhadialla TS, Carlson GR, Le DP (1998) New insecticides with ecdysteroidal and juvenile hormone activity. Annu Rev Entomol 43:545–569
Geiger CA, Gutierrez AR (2000) Ecology of Heteropsylla cubana (Homoptera: Psyllidae): Psyllid damage, tree phenology, thermal relations, and parasitism in the field. Environ Entomol 29(1):76–86
Gencer NS, Coşkuncu KS, Kumral NA (2007) The colonization preference and population trends of larval Fig psylla, Homotoma ficus L. (Hemiptera: Homotomidae). J Pest Sci 80(1):1–8
Guclu S, Hayat R, Ozbek H (1995) An investigation on phytophagous and predator insect species on olive trees (Olea europaea L.) in Artvin province. Turk J Entomol 19(3):231–240
Kapatos ET, Stratopoulou ET (1999) Duration times of the immature stages of Cacopsylla pyri L. (Hom., Psyllidae), estimated under field conditions, and their relationship to ambient temperature. J Appl Entomol 123:555–559
Kovanci OB, Kovanci B (2000) Evulation of control measures for the control of Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Bursa. In: Proceedings of the 4th Turkey entomol cong., Aydın (Turkey), 12–15 September, pp 187–196
Kovanci B, Gencer NS, Kaya M, Akbudak B (2000) The adult population fluctuations of Haplocampa flava (L.) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in a collection orchard of Nilufer district in Bursa. In: Proceedings of the 4th Turkey entomol cong., Aydın (Turkey), 12–15 September, pp 91–100
Kovanci B, Kumral NA, Akbudak B (2005) The population fluctuation of Euphyllura phillyreae Foerster (Homoptera: Aphalaridae) in olive orchards of Bursa, Turkey. Uludag Univ J Agri Fac 19(1):1–12
Kumral NA, Kovanci B, Akbudak B (2005) Pheromone trap catches of the olive moth, Prays oleae (Bern.) (Lep., Plutellidae) in relation to olive phenology and degree-day models. J Appl Entomol 129(7):375–381
Lauterer P, Prophetou ADA, Tzanakakis ME (1986) Occurrence of Euphyllura phillyreae Foerster (Homoptera: Aphalaridae) on olives of the Greek mainland. Ann Entomol Soc Am 79:7–10
McArthur K, Faithfull I (1999) English broom suppression with the broom psyllid. Keith Turnbull Research Institute (Frankston), Landcare Note, pp 1–2
Medina P, Budia F, Tirry L, Smagghe G, Vinuela E (2001) Compatibility of spinosad, tebufenozide and azadirachtin with eggs and pupae of the predator Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) under laboratory conditions. Biocontrol Sci Technol 11(5):597–610
Medina P, Smagghe G, Budia F, Tirry L, Vinuela E (2003) Toxicity and absorption of azadirachtin, diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, and tebufenozide after topical application in predatory larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Environ Entomol 32(1):196–203
Morgan D (1991) The sensitivity of simulation models to temperature changes. EPPO/OEPP Bull 21:393–397
Morgan D, Solomon MG (1993) Pest Man: forecasting system for apple and pear pests. OEPP/EPPO Bull 23:601–605
Prophetou ADA (1993) Diapause termination and phenology of the olive psyllid, Euphyllura phillyreae on two host plants in coastal northern Greece. Entomol Exp Appl 67:193–197
Prophetou ADA (1997) Occurrence of immature stages of olive psyllid Euphyllura phillyreae (Hom., Aphalaridae) in Phillyrea latifolia and Olea europaea in coastal northern Greece. J Appl Ent 121:383–387
Prophetou ADA, Tzanakakis ME (1986) Diapause termination in the olive psyllid Euphyllura phillyreae, in the field and in the laboratory. Entomol Exp Appl 40:263–272
SAS Institute (2002) JMP user’s guide, Version 5, SAS Institute Inc, Cary
Schaub L, Graf B, Butturini G (2005) Phenological model of pear psylla Cacopsylla pyri. Entomol Exp Appl 117:105–111
Tuncer C (2002) Investigations on the biology of Homotoma ficus L. (Homoptera: Homotomidae) and developmental threshold of eggs in Samsun province. Turk J Entomol 26(1):33–45
Tzanakakis ME (2003) Seasonal development and dormancy of insects and mites feeding on olive: a review. Neth J Zool (52):87–224
Wheeler AG (1994) Craspedolepta eas—distribution, hosts, and habits of a Phlox specialist (Homoptera, Psylloidea, Aphalaridae). Proc Entomol Soc Wash 96(1):91–97