Using PaCO2 values to grade obesity-hypoventilation syndrome severity: a retrospective study

Olson AL, Zwillich C. The obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Am J Med. 2005;118:948–56.

Mokhlesi B, Kryger MH, Grunstein RR. Assessment and management of patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5:218–25.

Kessler R, Chaouat A, Schinkewitch P, Faller M, Casel S, Krieger J, et al. The obesity hypoventilation syndrome revisited: a prospective study of 34 patients consecutive cases. Chest. 2001;120:369–76.

Pérez De Llano LA, Golpe R, Ortiz Piquer M, Veres Racamonde A, Vázquez Caruncho M, Caballero Muinelos O, et al. Short-term and long-term effects of nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Chest. 2005;128:587–94.

Cabrera Lacalzada C, Diaz-Lobato S. Grading obesity hypoventilation syndrome severity. Eur Respir J. 2008;32:817–8.

Quanjer PH, Tammeling GJ, Cotes JE, Pedersen OF, Peslin R, Yernault JC, Official Statement of the European Respiratory Society. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Report Working Party Standardization of Lung Function Tests, European Community for Steel and Coal. Eur Respir J Suppl. 1993;16:5–40.

Patruno V, Bosi M, Sanna A, Fanfulla F, Braghiroli A, Insalaco G. Indices for the instrumental diagnosis of sleep apneas: standardization of the calculation with polysomnography and cardiorespiratory monitoring. Rassegna di Patologia dell’Apparato Respiratorio. 2006;21:22–7.

Mokhlesi B, Tulaimat A, Faibussowitsch I, Wang Y, Evans AT. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: prevalence and predictors in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath. 2007;11:117–24.

Kaw R, Hernandez AV, Walker E, Aboussouan L, Mokhlesi B. Determinants of hypercapnia in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and metaanalysis of cohort studies. Chest. 2009;136:787–96.

Collins LC, Hoberty PD, Walker JF, Fletcher EC, Peiris AN. The effect of body fat distribution on pulmonary function tests. Chest. 1995;107:1298–302.

Lazarus R, Sparrow D, Weiss ST. Effects of obesity and fat distribution on ventilatory function: the normative aging study. Chest. 1997;111:891–8.

Ladosky W, Botelho MAM, Albuquerque JP. Chest mechanics in morbidly obese non-hypoventilated patients. Respir Med. 2001;95:281–6.

Resta O, Foschino-Barbaro MP, Bonfitto P, Talamo S, Legari G, De Pergola G, et al. Prevalence and mechanisms of diurnal hypercapnia in a sample of morbidly obese subjects with obstructive sleep apnea. Respir Med. 2000;94:240–6.

Pankow W, Podszus T, Gutheil T, Penzel T, Peter J, Von Wichert P. Expiratory flow limitation and intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure in obesity. J Appl Physiol. 1998;85:1236–43.

Resta O, Foschino Barbaro MP, Bonfitto P, Talamo S, Mastrosimone V, Stefano A, et al. Hypercapnia in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Neth J Med. 2000;56(6):215–22.

Lee S-D, Nakano H, Farkas GA. Adenosinergic modulation of ventilation in obese Zucker rats. Obes Res. 2005;13:545–55.

Yang AL, Lo MJ, Ting H, Chen JS, Huang CY, Lee SD. GABA(a) and GABA(b) receptors differentially modulate volume and frequency in ventilatory compensation in obese Zucker rats. J Appl Physiol. 2007;102:350–7.

Piper AJ, Grunstein RR. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Mechanisms and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:292–8.

Mokhlesi B, Tulaimat A, Faibussowitsch I, Wang Y, Evans AT. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: prevalence and predictors in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath. 2007;11(2):117–24.

Piper AJ, Grunstein RR. Current perspectives on the obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2007;13(6):490–6.

Rapoport DM, Garay SM, Epstein H, Goldring RM. Hypercapnia in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. A reevaluation of the “Pickwickian syndrome”. Chest. 1986;89(5):627–35.

American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research: the report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine task force. Sleep. 1999;22:667–89.

Norman RG, Goldring RM, Clain JM, Oppenheimer BW, Charney AN, Rapoport DM, et al. Transition from acute to chronic hypercapnia in patients with periodic breathing: predictions from a computer model. J Appl Physiol. 2006;100(5):1733–41.

Berger KI, Norman RG, Ayappa I, Oppenheimer BW, Rapoport DM, Goldring RM. Potential mechanism for transition between acute hypercapnia during sleep to chronic hypercapnia during wakefulness in obstructive sleep apnea. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008;605:431–6.

Campo A, Frühbeck G, Zulueta JJ, Iriarte J, Seijo LM, Alcaide AB, et al. Hyperleptinaemia, respiratory drive and hypercapnic response in obese patients. Eur Respir J. 2007;30(2):223–31.

Marik PE. The malignant obesity hypoventilation syndrome (MOHS). Obes Rev. 2012;13(10):902–9.