Use of macrolides in lung diseases: recent literature controversies

Mazzei, 1993, Chemistry and mode of action of macrolides, J Antimicrob Chemother, 31, 1, 10.1093/jac/31.suppl_C.1 Martin, 2001, A link between chronic asthma and chronic infection, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 107, 595, 10.1067/mai.2001.113563 Agarwal, 2008, Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and bronchial asthma: is there a link?, Indian J Med Microbiol, 26, 338, 10.4103/0255-0857.43567 Kanoh, 2010, Mechanisms of action and clinical application of macrolides as immunomodulatory medications, Clin Microbiol Rev, 23, 590, 10.1128/CMR.00078-09 Spagnolo, 2013, Long-term macrolide treatment for chronic respiratory disease, Eur Respir J, 42, 239, 10.1183/09031936.00136712 Poletti, 2006, Diffuse panbronchiolitis, Eur Respir J, 28, 862, 10.1183/09031936.06.00131805 Lin, 2015, Macrolides for diffuse panbronchiolitis, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1, CD007716 Goossens, 2009, Antibiotic consumption and link to resistance, Clin Microbiol Infect, 15, 12, 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02725.x Valery, 2013, Long-term azithromycin for Indigenous children with non-cystic-fibrosis bronchiectasis or chronic suppurative lung disease (Bronchiectasis Intervention Study): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial, Lancet Respir Med, 1, 610, 10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70185-1 Albert, 2014, Macrolide antibiotics and the risk of cardiac arrhythmias, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 189, 1173, 10.1164/rccm.201402-0385CI Guyatt, 2008, GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations, BMJ, 336, 924, 10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD Clementsen, 2002, Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and its role in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol, 12, 73 Johnston, 2006, The effect of telithromycin in acute exacerbations of asthma, N Engl J Med, 354, 1589, 10.1056/NEJMoa044080 Simpson, 2008, Clarithromycin targets neutrophilic airway inflammation in refractory asthma, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 177, 148, 10.1164/rccm.200707-1134OC Strunk, 2008, Azithromycin or montelukast as inhaled corticosteroid-sparing agents in moderate-to-severe childhood asthma study, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 122, 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.09.028 Richeldi, 2005, Macrolides for chronic asthma, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD002997 Reiter, 2013, Macrolides for the long-term management of asthma – a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, Allergy, 68, 1040, 10.1111/all.12199 Brusselle, 2013, Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations in severe asthma (AZISAST): a multicentre randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial, Thorax, 68, 322, 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202698 Hall, 2007, Therapy for bronchiolitis: when some become none, N Engl J Med, 357, 402, 10.1056/NEJMe078107 Tahan, 2007, Clarithromycin in the treatment of RSV bronchiolitis: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, Eur Respir J, 29, 91, 10.1183/09031936.00029206 Kneyber, 2007, Antibiotics in RSV bronchiolitis: still no evidence of effect, Eur Respir J, 29, 1285, 10.1183/09031936.00004507 Korppi, 2007, Macrolides and bronchiolitis in infants, Eur Respir J, 29, 1283, 10.1183/09031936.00001907 Kneyber, 2008, Azithromycin does not improve disease course in hospitalized infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract disease: a randomized equivalence trial, Pediatr Pulmonol, 43, 142, 10.1002/ppul.20748 Pinto, 2012, Azithromycin therapy in hospitalized infants with acute bronchiolitis is not associated with better clinical outcomes: a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled clinical trial, J Pediatr, 161, 1104, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.05.053 McCallum, 2013, A single dose of azithromycin does not improve clinical outcomes of children hospitalised with bronchiolitis: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial, PLOS ONE, 8, e74316, 10.1371/journal.pone.0074316 Farley, 2014, Antibiotics for bronchiolitis in children under two years of age, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10, CD005189 Beigelman, 2014, Randomized trial to evaluate azithromycin's effects on serum and upper airway IL-8 levels and recurrent wheezing in infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 134, 1171 Smyth, 2002, Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: disease severity, interleukin-8, and virus genotype, Pediatr Pulmonol, 33, 339, 10.1002/ppul.10080 Rowe, 2005, Cystic fibrosis, N Engl J Med, 352, 1992, 10.1056/NEJMra043184 Silva Filho, 2013, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in patients with cystic fibrosis: scientific evidence regarding clinical impact, diagnosis, and treatment, J Bras Pneumol, 39, 495, 10.1590/S1806-37132013000400015 Shinkai, 2005, Macrolides and airway inflammation in children, Paediatr Respir Rev, 6, 227, 10.1016/j.prrv.2005.06.005 McArdle, 2007, Macrolides in cystic fibrosis, Clin Chest Med, 28, 347, 10.1016/j.ccm.2007.02.005 Equi, 2002, Long term azithromycin in children with cystic fibrosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled crossover trial, Lancet, 360, 978, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11081-6 Saiman, 2003, Azithromycin in patients with cystic fibrosis chronically infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 290, 1749, 10.1001/jama.290.13.1749 Saiman, 2010, Effect of azithromycin on pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis uninfected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 303, 1707, 10.1001/jama.2010.563 Cai, 2011, Effectiveness and safety of macrolides in cystic fibrosis patients: a meta-analysis and systematic review, J Antimicrob Chemother, 66, 968, 10.1093/jac/dkr040 Southern, 2012, Macrolide antibiotics for cystic fibrosis, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 11, CD002203 Robinson, 2012, Clarithromycin therapy for patients with cystic fibrosis: a randomized controlled trial, Pediatr Pulmonol, 47, 551, 10.1002/ppul.21613 Barker, 2014, Obliterative bronchiolitis, N Engl J Med, 370, 1820, 10.1056/NEJMra1204664 Christie, 2012, The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: 29th adult lung and heart-lung transplant report – 2012, J Heart Lung Transplant, 31, 1073, 10.1016/j.healun.2012.08.004 Ryu, 2003, Bronchiolar disorders, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 168, 1277, 10.1164/rccm.200301-053SO Mauad, 2002, Histology of childhood bronchiolitis obliterans, Pediatr Pulmonol, 33, 466, 10.1002/ppul.10097 Costa, 2005, Nitric acid-induced bronchiolitis in rats mimics childhood bronchiolitis obliterans, Respiration, 72, 642, 10.1159/000087363 Colom, 2006, Risk factors for the development of bronchiolitis obliterans in children with bronchiolitis, Thorax, 61, 503, 10.1136/thx.2005.044909 Perez, 1998, Airways involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical, functional, and HRCT findings, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157, 1658, 10.1164/ajrccm.157.5.9710018 Ratanatharathorn, 2001, Chronic graft-versus-host disease: clinical manifestation and therapy, Bone Marrow Transplant, 28, 121, 10.1038/sj.bmt.1703111 Smith, 2010, Diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans with computed tomography in children, Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol, 23, 253, 10.1089/ped.2010.0034 Vos, 2012, Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of azithromycin involved in treatment and prevention of chronic lung allograft rejection, Transplantation, 94, 101, 10.1097/TP.0b013e31824db9da Khalid, 2005, Azithromycin in bronchiolitis obliterans complicating bone marrow transplantation: a preliminary study, Eur Respir J, 25, 490, 10.1183/09031936.05.00020804 Lam, 2011, Effects of azithromycin in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic SCT – a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled study, Bone Marrow Transplant, 46, 1551, 10.1038/bmt.2011.1 Federica, 2011, Clinical and immunological evaluation of 12-month azithromycin therapy in chronic lung allograft rejection, Clin Transplant, 25, E381, 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01435.x Vos, 2011, A randomised controlled trial of azithromycin to prevent chronic rejection after lung transplantation, Eur Respir J, 37, 164, 10.1183/09031936.00068310 Jain, 2010, Azithromycin is associated with increased survival in lung transplant recipients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, J Heart Lung Transplant, 29, 531, 10.1016/j.healun.2009.12.003 Kingah, 2014, Azithromycin improves lung function in patients with post-lung transplant bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: a meta-analysis, Clin Transplant, 28, 906, 10.1111/ctr.12401 Teixeira, 2013, Acute bronchodilator responsiveness to tiotropium in postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children, Chest, 144, 974, 10.1378/chest.12-2280 Tomikawa, 2014, Follow-up on pediatric patients with bronchiolitis obliterans treated with corticosteroid pulse therapy, Orphanet J Rare Dis, 9, 128, 10.1186/s13023-014-0128-2 Li, 2014, Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: a review of 42 cases, BMC Pediatr, 14, 238, 10.1186/1471-2431-14-238 Hill, 2011, Primary care summary of the British Thoracic Society Guideline on the management of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, Prim Care Respir J, 20, 135, 10.4104/pcrj.2011.00007 Altenburg, 2013, Effect of azithromycin maintenance treatment on infectious exacerbations among patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: the BAT randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 309, 1251, 10.1001/jama.2013.1937 Santamaria, 2009, A descriptive study of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in a pediatric population from central and southern Italy, Respiration, 77, 160, 10.1159/000137510 Valery, 2012, Azithromycin for indigenous children with bronchiectasis: study protocol for a multi-centre randomized controlled trial, BMC Pediatr, 12, 122, 10.1186/1471-2431-12-122 Haworth, 2014, Long-term macrolide maintenance therapy in non-CF bronchiectasis: evidence and questions, Respir Med, 108, 1397, 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.09.005 Gao, 2014, Macrolide therapy in adults and children with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis, PLOS ONE, 9, e90047, 10.1371/journal.pone.0090047 Fan, 2015, Effects of long-term use of macrolides in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, BMC Infect Dis, 15, 160, 10.1186/s12879-015-0872-5 Chang, 2015, Chronic suppurative lung disease and bronchiectasis in children and adults in Australia and New Zealand Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand guidelines, Med J Aust, 202, 130, 10.5694/mjac14.00287 Klugman, 2005, Hidden epidemic of macrolide-resistant pneumococci, Emerg Infect Dis, 11, 802, 10.3201/eid1106.050147 Chancey, 2015, Composite mobile genetic elements disseminating macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Front Microbiol, 6, 26, 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00026