Use of a 3D optical measurement technique for stochastic corrosion pattern analysis of reinforcing bars subjected to accelerated corrosion

E.J. Wallbank, The performance of concrete in bridges: a survey of 200 highway bridges, London, 1989. Transportation Research Board, Highway deicing: comparing salt and calcium magnesium acetate, special report 235, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 1991. J.P. Broomfield, Corrosion of Steel in Concrete: Understanding, Investigation and Repair, second ed. Taylor & Francis, London, 2007. Ou, 2011, Cyclic performance of large-scale corroded reinforced concrete beams, Earthq. Eng. Struct. D, 41, 592 Ma, 2012, Behavior of corrosion damaged circular reinforced concrete columns under cyclic loading, Constr. Build. Mater., 29, 548, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.002 Almusallam, 2001, Effect of degree of corrosion on the properties of reinforcing steel bars, Constr. Build. Mater., 15, 361, 10.1016/S0950-0618(01)00009-5 Du, 2005, Residual capacity of corroded reinforcing bars, Mag. Concr. Res., 57, 135, 10.1680/macr.2005.57.3.135 Du, 2005, Effect of corrosion on ductility of reinforcing bars, Mag. Concr. Res., 57, 407, 10.1680/macr.2005.57.7.407 Cairns, 2005, Mechanical properties of corrosion-damaged reinforcement, ACI Mater. J., 102, 256 Apostolopoulos, 2006, Tensile behavior of corroded reinforcing steel bars BSt 500s, Constr. Build. Mater., 20, 782, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.065 Apostolopoulos, 2007, Mechanical behavior of corroded reinforcing steel bars S500s tempcore under low cycle fatigue, Constr. Build. Mater., 21, 1447, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.07.008 Kashani, 2013, Nonlinear stress–strain behaviour of corrosion-damaged reinforcing bars including inelastic buckling, Eng. Struct., 48, 417, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.09.034 Kashani, 2013, Nonlinear cyclic response of corrosion-damaged reinforcing bar with the effect of buckling, Constr. Build. Mater., 41, 388, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.12.011 Gonzalez, 1995, Comparison of rates of general corrosion and maximum pitting penetration on concrete embedded steel reinforcement, Cement Concr. Res., 25, 257, 10.1016/0008-8846(95)00006-2 Darmawna, 2010, Pitting corrosion model for reinforced concrete structures in a chloride environment, Mag. Concr. Res., 62, 91, 10.1680/macr.2008.62.2.91 Darmawna, 2007, Effect of pitting corrosion on capacity of prestressing wires, Mag. Concr. Res., 49, 131, 10.1680/macr.2007.59.2.131 Caleyo, 2009, Probability distribution of pitting corrosion depth and rate in underground pipelines: a Monte Carlo study, Corros. Sci., 51, 1925, 10.1016/j.corsci.2009.05.019 Kim, 2009, Evaluation of mechanical performance of corroded reinforcement considering the surface shape, ISIJ Int., 49, 1392, 10.2355/isijinternational.49.1392 Stewart, 2009, Extent of spatially variable corrosion damage as an indicator of strength and time-dependent reliability of RC beams, Eng. Struct., 31, 198, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.08.011 Steward, 2009, Mechanical behaviour of pitting corrosion of flexural and shear reinforcement and its effect on structural reliability of corroding RC beams, Struct. Saf., 31, 19, 10.1016/j.strusafe.2007.12.001 Stewart, 2008, Pitting corrosion and structural reliability of corroding RC structures: experimental data and probabilistic analysis, Relib. Eng. Syst. Safe, 93, 373, 10.1016/j.ress.2006.12.013 Darmawan, 2007, Spatial time-dependent reliability analysis of corroding pretensioned prestressed concrete bridge girders, Struct. Saf., 29, 16, 10.1016/j.strusafe.2005.11.002 Val, 1997, Reliability of deteriorating RC slab bridges, J. Struct. Eng., 123, 1638, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1997)123:12(1638) ASTM G1-03 Standard Practice for preparing, cleaning, and evaluating corrosion test specimens, ASTM Int’l 2011. MTLAB R2012b, The MathWorks lnc, 1994–2012 <http://www.mathworks.com>. Cryer, 2008 Welch, 1967, The use of fast fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra a method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms, IEEE Trans. Audio Electroacoust., 15, 70, 10.1109/TAU.1967.1161901 Hawn, 1977, Extreme value prediction of maximum pits on pipelines, Mater. Perform., 3, 29 Sheikh, 1990, Statistical modelling of pitting corrosion and pipeline reliability, Corrosion, 46, 190, 10.5006/1.3585090 Sriramula, 2009, Probabilistic models for spatially varying mechanical properties of in-service GFRP cladding panels, J. Compos. Constr., 13, 159, 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2009)13:2(159) Massey, 1951, The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for goodness of fit, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 46, 68, 10.1080/01621459.1951.10500769 J.D. Gibbons, Nonparametric Statistical Inference, fourth ed., Basel, 2003. Vu, 2000, Structural reliability of concrete bridges including improved chloride-induced corrosion models, Struct. Saf., 22, 313, 10.1016/S0167-4730(00)00018-7 Rafiq, 2004, Performance updating of concrete bridges using proactive health monitoring methods, Relib. Eng. Syst. Safe., 86, 247, 10.1016/j.ress.2004.01.012 Zhao, 2013, Distribution of millscale on corroded steel bars and penetration of steel corrosion products in concrete, Corros. Sci., 66, 160, 10.1016/j.corsci.2012.09.014 Ozbolt, 2011, 3D Numerical modelling of steel corrosion in concrete structures, Corros. Sci., 53, 4166, 10.1016/j.corsci.2011.08.026 Zhao, 2012, Crack shape and rust distribution in corrosion-induced cracking concrete, Corros. Sci., 55, 385, 10.1016/j.corsci.2011.11.002 Zhao, 2011, Damage analysis and cracking model of reinforced concrete structures with rebar corrosion, Corros. Sci., 53, 3388, 10.1016/j.corsci.2011.06.018 Zhao, 2011, Non-uniform distribution of rust layer around steel bar in concrete, Corros. Sci., 53, 4300, 10.1016/j.corsci.2011.08.045 Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, The assessment of concrete structures affected by steel corrosion, BA 51/95, UK. Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. Assessment of the fatigue life of corroded or damaged reinforcing bars, BA 38/93, UK. Choe, 2008, Probabilistic capacity models and seismic fragility estimates for RC columns subject to corrosion, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Safe, 93, 383, 10.1016/j.ress.2006.12.015 Berto, 2009, Seismic assessment of existing RC structures affected by degradation phenomena, Struct. Saf., 31, 284, 10.1016/j.strusafe.2008.09.006 Ghosh, 2010, Aging considerations in the development of time-dependent seismic fragility curves, J. Struct. Eng., 136, 1497, 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000260 Alipour, 2011, Performance evaluation of deteriorating highway bridges located in high seismic areas, J. Bridge Eng., 6, 597, 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000197 Apostolopoulos, 2008, Consequences of steel corrosion on the ductility properties of reinforcement bar, Constr. Build. Mater., 22, 2316, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.10.006 Palssom, 2002, Mechanical response of corroded steel reinforcement of abandoned concrete bridge, ACI Struct. J., 99, 157 Zhang, 2012, Tensile and fatigue behavior of corroded rebars, Constr. Build. Mater., 34, 409, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.071 Apostolopoulos, 2013, Chloride-induced corrosion of steel reinforcement – mechanical performance and pit depth analysis, Constr. Build. Mater., 38, 139, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.087