Urinary Concentrations of Parabens in a Population of Iranian Adolescent and Their Association with Sociodemographic Indicators

Adoamnei E, Mendiola J, Moñino-García M, Vela-Soria F, Iribarne-Durán LM, Fernández MF, Olea N, Jørgensen N, Swan SH, Torres-Cantero AM (2018) Urinary concentrations of parabens and reproductive parameters in young men. Sci Total Environ 621:201–209 Amin MM, Tabatabaeian M, Chavoshani A, Amjadi E, Hashemi M, Ebrahimpour K, Klishadi R, Khazaei S, Mansourian M (2019) Paraben content in adjacent normal-malignant breast tissues from women with breast cancer. Biomed Environ Sci 32(12):893–904 Andersen FA (2008) Final amended report on the safety assessment of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, isopropylparaben, butylparaben, isobutylparaben, and benzylparaben as used in cosmetic products. Int J Toxicol 27:1–82 Asimakopoulos AG, Thomaidis NS, Kannan K (2014) Widespread occurrence of bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers, p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens), benzophenone type-UV filters, triclosan, and triclocarban in human urine from Athens, Greece. Sci Total Environ 470:1243–1249 Asimakopoulos AG, Xue J, De Carvalho BP, Iyer A, Abualnaja KO, Yaghmoor SS, Kumosani TA, Kannan K (2016) Urinary biomarkers of exposure to 57 xenobiotics and its association with oxidative stress in a population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Environ Res 150:573–581 Aubert N, Ameller T, Legrand J-J (2012) Systemic exposure to parabens: pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, excretion balance and plasma metabolites of [14C]-methyl-, propyl-and butylparaben in rats after oral, topical or subcutaneous administration. Food Chem Toxicol 50(3–4):445–454 Azzouz A, Rascón AJ, Ballesteros E (2016) Simultaneous determination of parabens, alkylphenols, phenylphenols, bisphenol A and triclosan in human urine, blood and breast milk by continuous solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 119:16–26 Boberg J, Taxvig C, Christiansen S, Hass U (2010) Possible endocrine disrupting effects of parabens and their metabolites. Reprod Toxicol 30(2):301–312 Calafat AM, Ye X, Wong L-Y, Bishop AM, Needham LL (2010) Urinary concentrations of four parabens in the US population: NHANES 2005–2006. Environ Health Perspectives 118(5):679 Casas L, Fernández MF, Llop S, Guxens M, Ballester F, Olea N, Irurzun MB, Rodríguez LSM, Riaño I, Tardón A (2011) Urinary concentrations of phthalates and phenols in a population of Spanish pregnant women and children. Environ Int 37(5):858–866 Charles AK, Darbre PD (2013) Combinations of parabens at concentrations measured in human breast tissue can increase proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. J Appl Toxicol 33(5):390–398 Chen J, Ahn KC, Gee NA, Gee SJ, Hammock BD, Lasley BL (2007) Antiandrogenic properties of parabens and other phenolic containing small molecules in personal care products. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 221(3):278–284 Cowan-Ellsberry CE, Robison SH (2009) Refining aggregate exposure: example using parabens. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 55(3):321–329 Darbre PD, Harvey PW (2008) Paraben esters: review of recent studies of endocrine toxicity, absorption, esterase and human exposure, and discussion of potential human health risks. J Appl Toxicol 28(5):561–578. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.1358 Dewalque L, Pirard C, Charlier C (2014) Measurement of urinary biomarkers of parabens, benzophenone-3, and phthalates in a Belgian population. Biomed Res Int 2014:649314 Dodson RE, Nishioka M, Standley LJ, Perovich LJ, Brody JG, Rudel RA (2012) Endocrine disruptors and asthma-associated chemicals in consumer products. Environ Health Perspect 120(7):935–943 Ebrahim K, Poursafa P, Amin MM (2017) Development of a simple and valid method for the trace determination of phthalate esters in human plasma using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 40(22):4403–4410 Engel LS, Buckley JP, Yang G, Liao LM, Satagopan J, Calafat AM, Matthews CE, Cai Q, Ji B-T, Cai H (2014) Predictors and variability of repeat measurements of urinary phenols and parabens in a cohort of Shanghai women and men. Environ Health Perspect 122(7):733–740 Frederiksen H, Nielsen JKS, Mørck TA, Hansen PW, Jensen JF, Nielsen O, Andersson A-M, Knudsen LE (2013) Urinary excretion of phthalate metabolites, phenols and parabens in rural and urban Danish mother–child pairs. Int J Hyg Environ Health 216(6):772–783 Frederiksen H, Jensen TK, Jørgensen N, Kyhl HB, Husby S, Skakkebaek NE, Main KM, Juul A, Andersson A-M (2014) Human urinary excretion of non-persistent environmental chemicals: an overview of Danish data collected 2006–2012. Reproduction 147:555–565 Geer LA, Pycke BF, Waxenbaum J, Sherer DM, Abulafia O, Halden RU (2017) Association of birth outcomes with fetal exposure to parabens, triclosan and triclocarban in an immigrant population in Brooklyn, New York. J Hazard Mater 323:177–183 Giulivo M, de Alda ML, Capri E, Barceló D (2016) Human exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds: their role in reproductive systems, metabolic syndrome and breast cancer. A review. Environ Res 151:251–264 Guo Y, Kannan K (2013) A survey of phthalates and parabens in personal care products from the United States and its implications for human exposure. Environ Sci Technol 47(24):14442–14449 Guo Y, Wang L, Kannan K (2014) Phthalates and parabens in personal care products from China: concentrations and human exposure. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 66(1):113–119 Hajizadeh YKFG, Ebrahimpour K, Shoshtari-Yeganeh B, Fadaei S, Darvishmotevalli M, Karimi H (2020) Urinary paraben concentrations and their implications for human exposure in Iranian pregnant women. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07991-2 Han Y, Jia X, Liu X, Duan T, Chen H (2010) DLLME combined with GC–MS for the determination of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben and butylparaben in beverage samples. Chromatographia 72(3–4):351–355 Honda M, Robinson M, Kannan K (2018) Parabens in human urine from several Asian countries, Greece, and the United States. Chemosphere 201:13–19 Hu P, Chen X, Whitener RJ, Boder ET, Jones JO, Porollo A, Chen J, Zhao L (2013) Effects of parabens on adipocyte differentiation. Toxicol Sci 131(1):56–70 Hudson WH, Youn C, Ortlund EA (2014) Crystal structure of the mineralocorticoid receptor DNA binding domain in complex with DNA. PLoS ONE 9(9):e107000 Jiménez-Díaz I, Zafra-Gómez A, Ballesteros O, Navalón A (2014) Analytical methods for the determination of personal care products in human samples: an overview. Talanta 129:448–458 Jiménez-Díaz I, Artacho-Cordón F, Vela-Soria F, Belhassen H, Arrebola J, Fernández M, Ghali R, Hedhili A, Olea N (2016) Urinary levels of bisphenol A, benzophenones and parabens in Tunisian women: a pilot study. Sci Total Environ 562:81–88 Kang S, Kim S, Park J, Kim HJ, Lee J, Choi G, Choi S, Kim S, Kim SY, Moon HB, Kim S, Kho YL, Choi K (2013) Urinary paraben concentrations among pregnant women and their matching newborn infants of Korea, and the association with oxidative stress biomarkers. Sci Total Environ 461:214–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.097 Kang H-S, Ko A, Kwon J-E, Kyung M-S, Im Moon G, Park J-H, Lee H-S, Suh J-H, Lee J-M, Hwang M-S (2016a) Urinary benzophenone concentrations and their association with demographic factors in a South Korean population. Environ Res 149:1–7 Kang H-S, Kyung M-S, Ko A, Park J-H, Hwang M-S, Kwon J-E, Suh J-H, Lee H-S, Im Moon G, Hong J-H (2016b) Urinary concentrations of parabens and their association with demographic factors: a population-based cross-sectional study. Environ Res 146:245–251 Karthikraj R, Kannan K (2017) Human biomonitoring of select ingredients in cosmetics. In: Salvador A, Chisvert A (eds) Analysis of cosmetic products, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Cambridge, pp. 387–434 Khalil N, Chen A, Lee M (2014) Endocrine disruptive compounds and cardio-metabolic risk factors in children. Curr Opin Pharmacol 19:120–124 Kim K, Park H, Yang W, Lee JH (2011) Urinary concentrations of bisphenol A and triclosan and associations with demographic factors in the Korean population. Environ Res 111(8):1280–1285 Kim S, Lee S, Shin C, Lee J, Kim S, Lee A, Park J, Kho Y, Moos RK, Koch HM (2018) Urinary parabens and triclosan concentrations and associated exposure characteristics in a Korean population—a comparison between night-time and first-morning urine. Int J Hyg Environ Health 221(4):632–641 Koeppe ES, Ferguson KK, Colacino JA, Meeker JD (2013) Relationship between urinary triclosan and paraben concentrations and serum thyroid measures in NHANES 2007–2008. Sci Total Environ 445:299–305 Liao C, Liu F, Kannan K (2013) Occurrence of and dietary exposure to parabens in foodstuffs from the United States. Environ Sci Technol 47(8):3918–3925 Ma W-L, Wang L, Guo Y, Liu L-Y, Qi H, Zhu N-Z, Gao C-J, Li Y-F, Kannan K (2013) Urinary concentrations of parabens in Chinese young adults: implications for human exposure. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 65(3):611–618 Meeker JD, Yang T, Ye X, Calafat AM, Hauser R (2010) Urinary concentrations of parabens and serum hormone levels, semen quality parameters, and sperm DNA damage. Environ Health Perspect 119(2):252–257 Moos RK, Angerer J, Dierkes G, Brüning T, Koch HM (2016) Metabolism and elimination of methyl, iso-and n-butyl paraben in human urine after single oral dosage. Arch Toxicol 90(11):2699–2709 Moos RK, Apel P, Schröter-Kermani C, Kolossa-Gehring M, Brüning T, Koch HM (2017) Daily intake and hazard index of parabens based upon 24 h urine samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank from 1995 to 2012. J Exp Sci Environ Epidemiol 27(6):591 Moreta C, Tena M-T, Kannan K (2015) Analytical method for the determination and a survey of parabens and their derivatives in pharmaceuticals. Environ Res 142:452–460 Oishi S (2002) Effects of propyl paraben on the male reproductive system. Food Chem Toxicol 40(12):1807–1813 Pan S, Yuan C, Tagmount A, Rudel RA, Ackerman JM, Yaswen P, Vulpe CD, Leitman DC (2015) Parabens and human epidermal growth factor receptor ligand cross-talk in breast cancer cells. Environ Health Perspect 124(5):563–569 Philippat C, Botton J, Calafat AM, Ye X, Charles M-A, Slama R, Group ES (2014) Prenatal exposure to phenols and growth in boys. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass) 25(5):625 Smith KW, Braun JM, Williams PL, Ehrlich S, Correia KF, Calafat AM, Ye XY, Ford J, Keller M, Meeker JD, Hauser R (2012) Predictors and variability of urinary paraben concentrations in men and women, including before and during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect 120(11):1538–1543. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104614 Soni M, Carabin I, Burdock G (2005) Safety assessment of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens). Food Chem Toxicol 43(7):985–1015 Vela-Soria F, Ballesteros O, Zafra-Gómez A, Ballesteros L, Navalón A (2014) A multiclass method for the analysis of endocrine disrupting chemicals in human urine samples. Sample treatment by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. Talanta 129:209–218 Wang L, Kannan K (2013) Alkyl protocatechuates as novel urinary biomarkers of exposure to p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens). Environ Int 59:27–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.001 Wang L, Wu Y, Zhang W, Kannan K (2013) Characteristic profiles of urinary p-hydroxybenzoic acid and its esters (parabens) in children and adults from the United States and China. Environ Sci Technol 47(4):2069–2076 WHO (2009) Seventeenth report of the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. WHO technical report series (539) Ye X, Bishop AM, Reidy JA, Needham LL, Calafat AM (2006) Parabens as urinary biomarkers of exposure in humans. Environ Health Perspect 114(12):1843 Yu Y, Li W, Lu S, Wu S, Wang F, Tse LA, Kang L, Ma S (2019) Urinary parabens in adults from South China: implications for human exposure and health risks. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 182:109419