Urbanization, coal consumption and CO2 emissions nexus in China using bootstrap Fourier Granger causality test in quantiles

Ali, R., Bakhsh, K., Yasin, M.A.: Impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions in emerging economy: evidence from Pakistan. Sustain. Cities Soc. 48, 101553 (2019)

Anwar, A., Younis, M., Ullah, I.: Impact of urbanization and economic growth on CO2 emission: a case of far east Asian countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(7), 2531 (2020)

BP. BP Statistic review of world energy (2019)

Chen, Y., Inglesi-Lotz, R., Chang, T.: Revisiting the asymmetric causal link between energy consumption and output in China: focus on coal and oil consumption. Energy Sour. Part B 12(11), 992–1000 (2017)

Chen, S., Jin, H., Lu, Y.: Impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions and energy consumption structure: a panel data analysis for Chinese prefecture-level cities. Struct. Change Econ. Dyn. 49, 107–119 (2019)

Fan, Y., Liu, L.-C., Wu, G., Wei, Y.-M.: Analyzing impact factors of CO2 emissions using the STIRPAT model. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 26, 377–395 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2005.11.007

Fan, J.-L., Zhang, Y.-J., Wang, B.: The impact of urbanization on residential energy consumption in China: an aggregated and disaggregated analysis. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 75, 220–233 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.066

Farhani, S., Balsalobre-Lorente, D.: Comparing the role of coal to other energy resources in the environmental kuznets curve of three large economies. Chin. Econ. 53(1), 82–120 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/10971475.2019.1625519

Gallant, A.R.: On the bias in flexible functional forms and an essentially unbiased form: the Fourier flexible form. J. Econom. 15, 211–245 (1981)

Gallant, A.R., Souza, G.: On the asymptotic normality of Fourier flexible form estimates. J. Econ. 50, 329–353 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(81)90115-9

Granger, C.W.J.: Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross spectral methods. Econometrica 37, 424–438 (1969). https://doi.org/10.2307/1912791

Hatemi, J.A., Uddin, G.S.: Is the casual nexus of energy utilization and economic growth asymmetric in the US? Econ. Syst. 36, 461–469 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2011.10.005

IEA (International Energy Agency) World Energy Outlook 2019 by Yaobin Liu, Paris: IEA (2009)

Jiang, Z., Lin, B.: China’s energy demand and its characteristics in the industrialization and urbanization process. Energy Policy 49, 608–615 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.07.002

Jones, D.W.: Urbanization and energy use in economic development. Energy J. 10, 29–44 (1989). https://doi.org/10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol10-No4-3

Joshua, U., Bekun, F.V., Sarkodie, S.A.: New insight into the causal linkage between economic expansion, FDI, coal consumption, pollutant emissions and urbanization in South Africa. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27, 18013–18024 (2020)

Khan, M.K., Khan, M.I., Rehan, M.: The relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan. Financial Innov. 6(1), 1–13 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-019-0162-0

Khanna, N.Z., Zhou, N., Fridley, D., Fino-Chan, C.: Evaluation of China’s local enforcement of energy efficiency standards and labeling programs for appliances and equipment. Energy Policy 63, 646–655 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.035

Khanna, N.Z., Fridely, D., Price, L., Zhou, N.: ACEEE summer study on energy efficiency in building, Stephanie Ohshita, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of San Francisco, working paper 11-1(2016) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083118

Lin, B., Xu, B.: Factors affecting CO2 emissions in China’s agricultural sector: a quantile regression. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 94, 15–27 (2018)

Liu, Y.: Exploring the relationship between urbanization and energy consumption in China. Energy 34, 1846–1854 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2009.07.029

Lu, Y., Huang F.: The impact of urbanization on Co2 emissions for energy in China. In: 2011 International Conference of Information Technology, Computer Engineering and Management Sciences, pp 150–152 (2011)

Munir, K., Riaz, N.: Energy consumption and environmental quality in South Asia: evidence from panel non-linear ARDL. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 26, 29307–29315 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06116-8

National Bureau of Statistic of China, varies issues (2017–2019)

Nazlioglu, S., Gormus, N.A., Soytas, U.: Oil prices and real estate investment trusts (REITs): gradual-shift causality and volatility transmission analysis. Energy Econ. 60, 168–175 (2016)

Peters, G.P., Minx, J.C., Weber, C.L., Edenhofer, O.: Growth in emission transfers via international trade from 1990 to 2008. PNAS 108(21), 8903–8908 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1006388108

Shen, L., Cheng, S., Gunson, A.J., Wan, H.: Urbanization, sustainability and the utilization of energy and mineral resources in China. Cities 22, 287–302 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2005.05.007

Sikdar, C., Mukhopadhyay, K.: The nexus between carbon emission, energy consumption, economic growth and changing economic structure in India: a multivariate cointegration approach. J. Develop. Areas 52(4), 67–83 (2018)

Wang, S., Fang, C., Guan, X., Pang, B., Ma, H.: Urbanisation, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions in China: a panel data analysis of China’s provinces. Appl. Energy 136, 738–749 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.059

Wang, S., Li, G., Fang, C.: Urbanization, economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions: empirical evidence from countries with different income levels. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 81, 2144–2159 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.025

Wang, Q., Wu, S., Zeng, Y., Wu, B.: Exploring the relationship between urbanization, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in different provinces of China. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 54, 1563–1579 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.090

Wei, Y., Liu, L., Fang, Y., Wu, G.: The impact of lifestyle on energy use and CO2 emissions: an empirical analysis of China’s residents. Energy Policy 35(1), 247–257 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.11.020

Xu, B., Liu, B.: Investigating drivers of CO2 emission in China’s heavy industry: a quantile regression analysis. Energy 206, 1 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118159

Yang, J., Cai, W., Ma, M., Li, L., Liu, C., Ma, X., Li, L., Chen, X.: Driving forces of China’s CO2 emissions from energy consumption based on Kaya-LMDI methods. Sci Total Environ 711, 134569 (2020)

Zhang, C., Lin, Y.: Panel estimation for urbanization, energy consumption and CO2 emissions: a regional analysis in China. Energy Policy 49, 488–498 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.06.048

Zhou, X., Fan, L.W., Zhou, P.: Marginal CO2 abatement costs: findings from alternative shadow price estimates for Shanghai industrial sectors. Energy Policy 77, 109–117 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.12.009

Zhu, H., You, W., Zeng, Z.: Urbanization and CO2 emission: a semi-parametric panel data analysis. Econ. Lett. 117, 848–850 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.09.001