Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for the release of antibiotics in the environment: A review

Abegglen, 2009, The fate of selected micropollutants in a single-house MBR, Water Research, 43, 2036, 10.1016/j.watres.2009.02.005

Adams, 2002, Removal of antibiotics from surface and distilled water in conventional water treatment processes, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 128, 253, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:3(253)

Aksu, 2005, Application of biosorption for penicillin G removal: comparison with activated carbon, Process Biochemistry, 40, 831, 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.02.014

Alturki, 2010, Combining MBR and NF/RO membrane filtration for the removal of trace organics in indirect potable water reuse applications, Journal of Membrane Science, 365, 206, 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.09.008

Andreozzi, 1999, Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for water purification and recovery, Catalysis Today, 53, 51, 10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00102-9

Andreozzi, 2005, Antibiotic removal from wastewaters: the ozonation of amoxicillin, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 122, 243, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.03.004

Arnold, 2007, 361

Arslan Alaton, 2004, Pre-treatment of penicillin formulation effluent by advanced oxidation processes, Journal of Hazardous Materials, B112, 105, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.04.009

Arslan Alaton, 2004, Combined chemical and biological oxidation of penicillin formulation effluent, Journal of Environmental Management, 73, 155, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.06.007

Auerbach, 2007, Tetracycline resistance genes in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants, Water Research, 41, 1143, 10.1016/j.watres.2006.11.045

Backhaus, 1999, The toxicity of antibiotic agents to the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri, Chemosphere, 38, 3291, 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00560-8

Balcıoglu, 2003, Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater containing antibiotics by O3 and O3/H2O2 processes, Chemosphere, 50, 85, 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00534-9

Batt, 2007, Comparison of the occurrence of antibiotics in four full-scale wastewater treatment plants with varying designs and operations, Chemosphere, 68, 428, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.01.008

Batt, 2006, Occurrence of sulphonamide antimicrobials in private water wells in Washington County, Idaho, USA, Chemosphere, 64, 1963, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.029

Bautitz, 2007, Degradation of tetracycline by photo-Fenton process–solar irradiation and matrix effects, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 187, 33, 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.09.009

Bendz, 2005, Occurrence and fate of pharmaceutically active compounds in the environment, a case study: Hoje River in Sweden, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 122, 195, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.03.012

Boehler, 2012, Removal of micropollutants in municipal wastewater treatment plants by powder-activated carbon, Water Science and Technology, 66, 2115, 10.2166/wst.2012.353

Boxall, 2004, The environmental side effects of medication, EMBO Reports, 5, 1110, 10.1038/sj.embor.7400307

Brown, 2006, Occurrence of antibiotics in hospital, residential, and dairy effluent, municipal wastewater, and the Rio Grande in New Mexico, Science of the Total Environment, 366, 772, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.10.007

Carballa, 2004, Behavior of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and hormones in a sewage treatment plant, Water Research, 38, 2918, 10.1016/j.watres.2004.03.029

Castiglioni, 2008, Novel homologs of the multiple resistance regulator marA in antibiotic-contaminated environments, Water Research, 42, 4271, 10.1016/j.watres.2008.07.004

Cha, 2006, Trace determination of β-lactam antibiotics in surface water and urban wastewater using liquid chromatography combined with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, Journal of Chromatography A, 1115, 46, 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.02.086

Choi, 2007, Determination of antibiotic compounds in water by on-line SPE-LC/MSD, Chemosphere, 66, 977, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.037

Clara, 2005, Removal of selected pharmaceuticals, fragrances and endocrine disrupting compounds in a membrane bioreactor and conventional wastewater treatment plants, Water Research, 39, 4797, 10.1016/j.watres.2005.09.015

Costanzo, 2005, Ecosystem response to antibiotics entering the aquatic environment, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 51, 218, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.10.038

Czekalski, 2012, Increased levels of multiresistant bacteria and resistance genes after wastewater treatment and their dissemination into Lake Geneva, Switzerland, Frontiers in Microbiology, 3, 1

Davies, 2010, Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 74, 417, 10.1128/MMBR.00016-10

De la Cruz, 2012, Degradation of 32 emergent contaminants by UV and neutral photo-fenton in domestic wastewater effluent previously treated by activated sludge, Water Research, 46, 1947, 10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.014

Diaz-Cruz, 2003, Environmental behavior and analysis of veterinary and human drugs in soils, sediments and sludge, TrAC-Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 22, 340, 10.1016/S0165-9936(03)00603-4

Dickenson, 2009, Applying surrogates and indicators to assess removal efficiency of trace organic chemicals during chemical oxidation of wastewaters, Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 6242, 10.1021/es803696y

Dodd, 2006, Oxidation of antibiotic molecules by aqueous ozone: moiety-specific reaction kinetics and application to ozone-based wastewater treatment, Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 1969, 10.1021/es051369x

Dodd, 2009, Oxidation of antibiotic compounds by ozone and hydroxyl radical: elimination of biological activity during aqueous ozonation processes, Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 2498, 10.1021/es8025424

Dodd, 2012, Potential impacts of disinfection processes on elimination and deactivation of antibiotic resistance genes during water and wastewater treatment, Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 14, 1754, 10.1039/c2em00006g

Dolar, 2012, Removal of emerging contaminants from municipal wastewater with an integrated membrane system, MBR-RO, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 239–240, 64, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.03.029

Drewes, 2008, Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues During Wastewater Treatment

Drewes, 2006, Rejection of wastewater-derived micropollutants in high-pressure membrane applications leading to indirect potable reuse, Environmental Progress, 24, 400, 10.1002/ep.10110

Elmolla, 2011, The feasibility of using combined TiO2 photocatalysis-SBR process for antibiotic wastewater treatment, Desalination, 272, 218, 10.1016/j.desal.2011.01.020

Emery, 2005, Extent of sonochemical degradation and change of toxicity of a pharmaceutical precursor (triphenylphosphineoxide) in water as a function of treatment conditions, Environment International, 31, 207, 10.1016/j.envint.2004.09.017

Fatta-Kassinos, 2010, Existence of pharmaceutical compounds in tertiary treated urban wastewater that is utilized for reuse applications, Water Resources Management, 25, 1183, 10.1007/s11269-010-9646-4

Fatta-Kassinos, 2011, Pharmaceutical residues in environmental waters and wastewater: current state of knowledge and future research, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 399, 251, 10.1007/s00216-010-4300-9

Fatta-Kassinos, 2011, Transformation products of pharmaceuticals in surface waters and wastewater formed during photolysis and advanced oxidation processes – degradation, elucidation of byproducts and assessment of their biological potency, Chemosphere, 85, 693, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.082

Froehner, 2000, Bioassays with Vibrio fischeri for the assessment of delayed toxicity, Chemosphere, 40, 821, 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00274-X

Gao, 2012, Correlation of tetracycline and sulfonamide antibiotics with corresponding resistance genes and resistant bacteria in a conventional municipal wastewater treatment plant, Science of the Total Environment, 421–422, 173, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.061

Göbel, 2007, Fate of sulfonamides, macrolides, and trimethoprim in different wastewater treatment technologies, Science of the Total Environment, 372, 361, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.07.039

Göbel, 2005, Occurrence and sorption behavior of sulfonamides, macrolides, and trimethoprim in activated sludge treatment, Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 3981, 10.1021/es048550a

Golet, 2002, Environmental exposure and risk assessment of fluoroquinolone antibiotic agents in wastewater and river water of the Glatt Valley Watershed, Switzerland, Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 3645, 10.1021/es0256212

Golet, 2003, Environmental exposure assessment of fluoroquinolone antibiotic agents from sewage to soil, Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 3243, 10.1021/es0264448

Goslich, 1997, Solar water treatment: principles and reactors, Water Science and Technology, 35, 137, 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00019-X

Gros, 2006, Development of a multi-residue analytical methodology based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for screening and trace level determination of pharmaceuticals in surface and wastewaters, Talanta, 70, 678, 10.1016/j.talanta.2006.05.024

Guardabassi, 2002, The effects of tertiary wastewater treatment on the prevalence of antimicrobialresistant bacteria, Water Research, 36, 1955, 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00429-8

Gullberg, 2012, Selection of resistant bacteria at very low antibiotic concentrations, PLoS Pathogens, 7, 1

Gulkowska, 2008, Removal of antibiotics from wastewater by sewage treatment facilities in Hongkong and Shenzhen, China, Water Research, 42, 395, 10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.031

Hapeshi, 2010, Drugs degrading photocatalytically: kinetics and mechanisms of ofloxacin and atenolol removal on titania suspensions, Water Research, 44, 1737, 10.1016/j.watres.2009.11.044

Heberer, 2002, Occurrence, fate, and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment: a review of recent research data, Toxicology Letters, 131, 5, 10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00041-3

Hernández-Sancho, 2010, Economic valuation of environmental benefits from wastewater treatment processes: an empirical approach for Spain, Science of the Total Environment, 408, 953, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.028

Herrmann, 1993, Heterogeneous photocatalysis: an emerging technology for water treatment, Catalysis Today, 17, 7, 10.1016/0920-5861(93)80003-J

Hirsch, 1999, Occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment, Science of the Total Environment, 225, 109, 10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00337-4

Hollender, 2008, Polar organic micropollutants in the water cycle, 103

Hollender, 2009, Elimination of organic micropollutants in a municipal wastewater treatment plant upgraded with a full-scale post-ozonation followed by sand filtration, Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 7862, 10.1021/es9014629

Homem, 2011, Degradation and removal methods of antibiotics from aqueous matrices – a review, Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 2304, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.05.023

Huber, 2005, Oxidation of pharmaceuticals during ozonation of municipal wastewater effluents: a pilot study, Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 4290, 10.1021/es048396s

Jelic, 2011, Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and sludge during wastewater treatment, Water Research, 45, 1165, 10.1016/j.watres.2010.11.010

Ji, 2009, Mechanisms for strong adsorption of tetracycline to carbon nanotubes: a comparative study using activated carbon and graphite as adsorbents, Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 2322, 10.1021/es803268b

Jiao, 2008, Aqueous photolysis of tetracycline and toxicity of photocatalytic products to luminescent bacteria, Chemosphere, 73, 377, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.042

Jones, 2001, Human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment a review, Environmental Science and Technology, 22, 1383, 10.1080/09593330.2001.11090873

Jones, 2007, The occurrence and removal of selected pharmaceutical compounds in a sewage treatment works utilising activated sludge treatment, Environmental Pollution, 145, 738, 10.1080/09593330.2001.11090873

Jordá, 2011, Economic evaluation of the photo-Fenton process. Mineralization level and reaction time: the keys for increasing plant efficiency, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186, 1924, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.100

Joss, 2005, Removal of pharmaceuticals and fragrances in biological wastewater treatment, Water Research, 39, 3139, 10.1016/j.watres.2005.05.031

Karthikeyan, 2006, Occurrence of antibiotics in wastewater treatment facilities in Wisconsin, USA, Science of the Total Environment, 361, 196, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.06.030

Kasprzyk-Hordern, 2009, The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters, Water Research, 43, 363, 10.1016/j.watres.2008.10.047

Katsoyiannis, 2011, Efficiency and energy requirements for the transformation of organic micropollutants by ozone, O3/H2O2 and UV/H2O2, Water Research, 45, 3811, 10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.038

Kemper, 2008, Vetererinary antibiotics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment, Ecological Indicators, 8, 1, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.06.002

Khan, 2005, Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals at an Australian sewage treatment plant, Water, 32, 80

Kim, 2009, Performance of UV and UV/H2O2 processes for the removal of pharmaceuticals detected in secondary effluent of a sewage treatment plant in Japan, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166, 1134, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.020

Kim, 2005, Removal of antibiotics in wastewater: effect of hydraulic and solid retention times on the fate of tetracycline in the activated sludge process, Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 5816, 10.1021/es050006u

Kim, 2007, Aquatic toxicity of acetaminophen, carbamazepine, cimetidine, diltiazem and six major sulfonamides, and their potential ecological risks in Korea, Environment International, 33, 370, 10.1016/j.envint.2006.11.017

Kimura, 2004, Rejection of neutral endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) by RO membranes, Journal of Membrane Science, 245, 71, 10.1016/j.memsci.2004.07.018

Klamerth, 2010, Degradation of fifteen emerging contaminants at μg L−1 initial concentrations by mild solar photo-Fenton in MWTP effluents, Water Research, 44, 545, 10.1016/j.watres.2009.09.059

Klavarioti, 2009, Removal of residual pharmaceuticals from aqueous systems by advanced oxidation processes, Environment International, 35, 402, 10.1016/j.envint.2008.07.009

Kolpin, 2002, Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999–2000: a national reconnaissance, Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 1202, 10.1021/es011055j

Kosutíc, 2007, Removal of antibiotics from a model wastewater by RO/NF membranes, Separation and Purification Technology, 53, 244, 10.1016/j.seppur.2006.07.015

Kovalova, 2012, Hospital wastewater treatment by membrane bioreactor: performance and efficiency for organic micropollutant elimination, Environmental Science and Technology, 46, 1536, 10.1021/es203495d

Kümmerer, 2009, Antibiotics in the aquatic environment – a review – Part II, Chemosphere, 75, 435, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.006

Lange, 2006, Degradation of macrolide antibiotics by ozone: a mechanistic case study with clarithromycin, Chemosphere, 65, 17, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.014

Längin, 2009, Deactivation and transformation products in biodegradability testing of β-lactams amoxicillin and piperacillin, Chemosphere, 75, 347, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.032

Le Corre, 2012, Consumption-based approach for assessing the contribution of hospitals towards the load of pharmaceutical residues in municipal wastewater, Environment International, 45, 99, 10.1016/j.envint.2012.03.008

Lee, 2009, Ferrate (Fe(VI)) application for municipal wastewater treatment: a novel process for Simultaneous micropollutant oxidation and phosphate removal, Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 3831, 10.1021/es803588k

Legrini, 1993, Photochemical processes for water treatment, Chemical Reviews, 93, 671, 10.1021/cr00018a003

Le-Minh, 2010, Fate of antibiotics during municipal water recycling treatment processes, Water Research, 44, 4295, 10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.020

Li, 2011, Mass flows and removal of antibiotics in two municipal wastewater treatment plants, Chemosphere, 83, 1284, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.002

Li, 2009, Rapid analysis of 21 antibiotics of multiple classes in municipal wastewater using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Analytica Chimica Acta, 645, 64, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.002

Li, 2004, Membrane (RO-UF) filtration for antibiotic wastewater treatment and recovery of antibiotics, Separation and Purification Technology, 34, 109, 10.1016/S1383-5866(03)00184-9

Lin, 2009, Removal of pharmaceuticals in secondary wastewater treatment processes in Taiwan, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167, 1163, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.108

Lin, 2009, O3 and O3/H2O2 treatment of sulfonamide and macrolide antibiotics in wastewater, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 171, 452, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.031

Lindberg, 2005, Screening of human antibiotic. Substances and determination of weekly mass flows in five sewage treatment plants in Sweden, Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 3421, 10.1021/es048143z

Litter, 2005, Introduction to photochemical advanced oxidation processes for water treatment, Environmental Chemistry, 2, 325

Loffler, 2003, Analytical method for the determination of the aminoglycoside gentamicin in hospital wastewater via liquid chromatography electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry, Journal of Chromatography A, 1000, 583, 10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00059-1

Loganathan, 2009, Contamination profiles and mass loadings of macrolide antibiotics and illicit drugs from a small urban wastewater treatment plant, Chemosphere, 75, 70, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.047

Macrì, 1988, Acute toxicity of furazolidone on Artemia salina, Daphnia magna, and Culex pipiens molestus larvae, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 16, 90, 10.1016/0147-6513(88)90021-8

Mahamuni, 2010, Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) involving ultrasound for wastewater treatment: a review with emphasis on cost estimation, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 17, 990, 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2009.09.005

Mahugo-Santana, 2010, Analytical methodologies for the determination of nitroimidazole residues in biological and environmental liquid samples: a review, Analytica Chimica Acta, 665, 113, 10.1016/j.aca.2010.03.022

Malato, 2009, Decontamination and disinfection of water by solar photocatalysis: recent overview and trends, Catalysis Today, 147, 1, 10.1016/j.cattod.2009.06.018

McArdell, 2003, Occurrence and fate of macrolide antibiotics in wastewater treatment plants and in the Glatt Valley Watershed, Switzerland, Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 5479, 10.1021/es034368i

McArdell, 2011

Melero, 2007, Nanocomposite Fe2O3/SBA-15: an efficient and stable catalyst for the catalytic wet peroxidation of phenolic aqueous solutions, Chemical Engineering Journal, 131, 245, 10.1016/j.cej.2006.12.007

Miao, 2004, Occurrence of antimicrobials in the final effluents of wastewater treatment plants in Canada, Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 3533, 10.1021/es030653q

Michael, 2010, Solar Fenton and solar TiO2 catalytic treatment of ofloxacin in secondary treated effluents: evaluation of operational and kinetic parameters, Water Research, 44, 5450, 10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.053

Michael, 2012, Solar photocatalytic treatment of trimethoprim in four environmental matrices at a pilot scale: transformation products and ecotoxicity evaluation, Science of the Total Environment, 430, 167, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.003

Michael, 2012, Solar Fenton process on the abatement of antibiotics at a pilot plant scale: degradation kinetics, ecotoxicity and phytotoxicity assessment and removal of antibiotic resistant enterococci, Water Research, 46, 5621, 10.1016/j.watres.2012.07.049

Migliore, 2003, Phytotoxicity to and uptake of enrofloxacin in crop plants, Chemosphere, 52, 1233, 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00272-8

Morse, 2004, Fate of amoxicillin in two water reclamation systems, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 157, 117, 10.1023/B:WATE.0000038878.22776.5b

Munter, 2001, Advanced oxidation processes-current status and prospects, Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences Chemistry, 50, 59, 10.3176/chem.2001.2.01

Naddeo, 2009, Fate of pharmaceuticals in contaminated urban wastewater effluent under ultrasonic irradiation, Water Research, 43, 4019, 10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.027

Nakada, 2007, Removal of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during sand filtration and ozonation at a municipal sewage treatment plant, Water Research, 41, 4373, 10.1016/j.watres.2007.06.038

Pailler, 2009, Solid phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of sulfonamides, tetracyclines, analgesics and hormones in surface water and wastewater in Luxembourg, Science of the Total Environment, 407, 4736, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.042

Parsons, 2004

Peng, 2006, A preliminary study on the occurrence and behavior of sulfonamides, ofloxacin and chloramphenicol antimicrobials in wastewaters of two sewage treatment plants in Guangzhou, China, Science of the Total Environment, 371, 314, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.07.001

Perez, 2005, Evaluating the biodegradability of sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfathiazole and trimethoprim at different stages of sewage treatment, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 24, 1361, 10.1897/04-211R.1

Putra, 2009, Performance of activated carbon and bentonite for adsorption of amoxicillin from wastewater: mechanisms, isotherms and kinetics, Water Research, 43, 2419, 10.1016/j.watres.2009.02.039

Radjenovic, 2009, Evidencing generation of persistent ozonation products of antibiotics roxithromycin and trimethoprim, Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 6808, 10.1021/es900965a

Radjenovic, 2009, Fate and distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and sewage sludge of the conventional activated sludge (CAS) and advanced membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment, Water Research, 43, 831, 10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.043

Reif, 2008, Fate of pharmaceuticals and cosmetic ingredients during the operation of a MBR treating sewage, Desalination, 221, 511, 10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.111

Renew, 2004, Simultaneous determination of fluoroquinolone, sulfonamide, and trimethoprim antibiotics in wastewater using tandem solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry, Journal of Chromatography A, 1042, 113, 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.05.056

Richardson, 2011, Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues, Analytical Chemistry, 83, 4614, 10.1021/ac200915r

Rivera-Utrilla, 2009, Removal of nitroimidazole antibiotics from aqueous solution by adsorption/bioadsorption on activated carbon, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170, 298, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.096

Rizzo, 2011, Bioassays as a tool for evaluating advanced oxidation processes in water and wastewater treatment, Water Research, 45, 4311, 10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.035

Rizzo, 2009, Heterogenous photocatalytic degradation kinetics and detoxification of an urban wastewater treatment plant effluent contaminated with pharmaceuticals, Water Research, 43, 4070, 10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.046

Roberts, 2006, The occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluent and surface waters of the lower Tyne catchment, Science of the Total Environment, 356, 143, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.04.031

Robertson, 1996, Semiconductor photocatalysis: an environmentally acceptable alternative production technique and effluent treatment process, Journal of Cleaner Production, 4, 203, 10.1016/S0959-6526(96)00044-3

Rogers, 1996, Sources, behaviour and fate of organic contaminants during sewage treatment and in sewage sludges, Science of the Total Environment, 185, 3, 10.1016/0048-9697(96)05039-5

Rosal, 2010, Occurrence of emerging pollutants in urban wastewater and their removal through biological treatment followed by ozonation, Water Research, 44, 578, 10.1016/j.watres.2009.07.004

Rosario-Ortiz, 2010, Evaluation of UV/H2O2 treatment for the oxidation of pharmaceuticals in wastewater, Water Research, 44, 1440, 10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.031

Ryan, 2011, Direct and indirect photolysis of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in wastewater treatment plant effluent, Water Research, 45, 1280, 10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.005

Sahar, 2010, The use of RO to remove emerging micropollutants following CAS/UF or MBR treatment of municipal wastewater, Desalination, 273, 142, 10.1016/j.desal.2010.11.004

Santos, 2007, Abatement of phenolic mixtures by catalytic wet oxidation enhanced by Fenton's pretreatment: effect of H2O2 dosage and temperature, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 146, 595, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.04.061

Saritha, 2007, Comparison of various advanced oxidation processes for the degradation of 4-chloro-2nitrophenol, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 149, 609, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.06.111

Schafer, 1994, Increased fertility of Corynebacterium glutamicum recipients in intergeneric matings with Escherichia coli after stress exposure, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60, 756, 10.1128/AEM.60.2.756-759.1994

Schiavello, 1993, Some working principles of heterogeneous photocatalysis by semiconductors, Electrochimicha Acta, 38, 11, 10.1016/0013-4686(93)80004-J

Schwartz, 2006, Detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes in wastewater, surface water and drinking water biofilms, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 43, 325, 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01073.x

Serrano, 2011, Removal of persistent pharmaceutical micropollutants from sewage by addition of PAC in a sequential membrane bioreactor, Water Research, 45, 5323, 10.1016/j.watres.2011.07.037

Snyder, 2003, Pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine disruptors in water: implications for the water industry, Environmental Engineering Science, 20, 449, 10.1089/109287503768335931

Spongberg, 2008, Pharmaceutical compounds in the wastewater process stream in Northwest Ohio, Science of the Total Environment, 397, 148, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.02.042

Sui, 2010, Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals, caffeine and DEET in wastewater treatment plants of Beijing, China, Water Research, 44, 417, 10.1016/j.watres.2009.07.010

Tadkaew, 2011, Effect of mixed liquor pH on the removal of trace organic contaminants in a membrane bioreactor, Bioresource Technology, 101, 1494, 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.082

Tambosi, 2010, Removal of pharmaceutical compounds in membrane bioreactors (MBR) applying submerged membranes, Desalination, 26, 148, 10.1016/j.desal.2010.05.014

Tekin, 2006, Use of Fenton oxidation to improve the biodegradability of a pharmaceutical wastewater, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 136, 258, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.12.012

Ternes, 2003, Ozonation: a tool for removal of pharmaceuticals, contrast media and musk fragrances from wastewater?, Water Research, 37, 1976, 10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00570-5

Ternes, 2007, Irrigation of treated wastewater in Braunschweig, Germany: an option to remove pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances, Chemosphere, 66, 894, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.035

Thomulka, 1993, Detection of biohazardous materials in water by measuring bioluminescence reduction with the marine organism Vibrio harveyi, Journal of Environmental Science & Health Part A, 28, 2153

Trovó, 2008, Photodegradation of the pharmaceuticals amoxicillin, bezafibrate and paracetamol by the photo-Fenton process – application to sewage treatment plant effluent, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 198, 215, 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2008.03.011

Watkinson, 2007, Removal of antibiotics in conventional and advanced wastewater treatment: implications for environmental discharge and wastewater recycling, Water Research, 41, 4164, 10.1016/j.watres.2007.04.005

Watkinson, 2009, The occurrence of antibiotics in an urban watershed: from wastewater to drinking water, Science of the Total Environment, 407, 2711, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.059

Westerhoff, 2005, Fate of endocrine-disruptor, pharmaceutical, and personal care product chemicals during simulated drinking water treatment processes, Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 6649, 10.1021/es0484799

Wollenberger, 2000, Acute and chronic toxicity of veterinary antibiotics to Daphnia magna, Chemosphere, 40, 723, 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00443-9

Xekoukoulotakis, 2010, Kinetics of UV-A/TiO2 photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole in aqueous matrices, Catalysis Today, 161, 163, 10.1016/j.cattod.2010.09.027

Xia, 2012, Effect of solids retention time on antibiotics removal performance and microbial communities in an A/O-MBR process, Bioresource Technology, 106, 36, 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.112

Xiao, 2008, Trace analysis of quinolone and fluoroquinolone antibiotics from wastewaters by liquid chromatography – electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, Journal of Chromatography A, 1214, 100, 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.090

Xu, 2006, Effect of membrane fouling on transport of organic contaminants in NF/RO membrane applications, Journal of Membrane Science, 279, 165, 10.1016/j.memsci.2005.12.001

Xu, 2007, Occurrence and elimination of antibiotics at four sewage treatment plants in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China, Water Research, 41, 4526, 10.1016/j.watres.2007.06.023

Yang, 2004, Solid-phase extraction-high-performance liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry for analysis of trace concentrations of macrolides antibiotics in natural and waste water matrices, Journal of Chromatography A, 1038, 141, 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.02.084

Yang, 2005, Simultaneous extraction and analysis of 11 tetracycline and sulfonamide antibiotics in influent and effluent domestic wastewater by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, Journal of Chromatography A, 1097, 40, 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.027

Yang, 2009, Microwave enhanced Fenton-like process for the treatment of high concentration pharmaceutical wastewater, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 168, 238, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.038

Yargeau, 2008, Impact of operating conditions on decomposition of antibiotics during ozonation: a review, Ozone: Science and Engineering, 30, 175, 10.1080/01919510701878387

Yu, 2009, Removal of antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by extended sludge age biological process, Chemosphere, 77, 175, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.07.049

Yuan, 2011, Photodegradation and toxicity changes of antibiotics in UV and UV/H2O2 process, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 185, 1256, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.10.040

Zhang, 2006, Feasibility study of treatment of amoxillin wastewater with a combination of extraction, Fenton oxidation and reverse osmosis, Desalination, 196, 32, 10.1016/j.desal.2005.11.018

Zhang, 2009, Wastewater treatment contributes to selective increase of antibiotic resistance among Acinetobacter spp, Science of the Total Environment, 407, 3702, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.013

Zorita, 2009, Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals in a municipal sewage treatment system in the south of Sweden, Science of the Total Environment, 407, 2760, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.030

Zuccato, 2010, Source, occurrence and fate of antibiotics in the Italian aquatic environment, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 179, 1042, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.110