Urban catchment runoff increases bedload sediment yield and particle size in stream channels

Arcement, 1989 Booth, 1991, Urbanization and the natural drainage system—impacts, solutions, and prognoses, Northwest Environ. J., 7, 93 Booth, 2001, Rates of channel erosion in small urban streams, 17 Booth, 1997, Urbanization of aquatic systems: degradation thresholds, stormwater detection, and the limits of mitigation, J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 33, 1077, 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04126.x Booth, 2017, Hydrologic metrics for status-and-trends monitoring in urban and urbanizing watersheds, Hydrol. Process., 31, 4507, 10.1002/hyp.11369 Bureau of Meteorology, 2018 Burnham, 2003 Burns, 2015, A landscape measure of urban stormwater runoff effects is a better predictor of stream condition than a suite of hydrologic factors, Ecohydrology, 8, 160, 10.1002/eco.1497 Carling, 1983, Threshold of coarse sediment transport in broad and narrow natural streams, Earth Surf. Process. Landf., 8, 1, 10.1002/esp.3290080102 Chin, 2006, Urban transformation of river landscapes in a global context, Geomorphology, 79, 460, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.06.033 Chow, 1959 Decker, 2000, Energy and material flow through the urban ecosystem, Annu. Rev. Energy Environ., 25 Department of Economic Development Jobs Transport and Resources, 2014 Department of Environment Land Water & Planning, 2016 Dietrich, 1989, Sediment supply and the development of the coarse surface layer in gravel-bedded rivers, Nature, 340, 215, 10.1038/340215a0 Finkenbine, 2000, Stream health after urbanization, J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 36, 1149, 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05717.x Gellis, 2017, Storms, channel changes, and a sediment budget for an urban-suburban stream, Difficult Run, Virginia, USA, Geomorphology, 278, 128, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.10.031 Gurnell, 2007, Urban rivers: hydrology, geomorphology, ecology and opportunities for change, Geogr. Compass, 1, 1118, 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00058.x Guy, 1963, Residential construction and sedimentation at Kensington, Maryland, Proceedings of the Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference. Jackson, Miss., Jan 1963: U.S.D.A Guy, 1970, Sediment problems in urban areas Hatt, 2004, The influence of urban density and drainage infrastructure on the concentrations and loads of pollutants in small streams, Environ. Manage., 34, 112, 10.1007/s00267-004-0221-8 Hawley, 2016, Addressing the urban stream disturbance regime, Freshw. Sci., 35 Hawley, 2013, Bed coarsening, riffle shortening, and channel enlargement in urbanizing watersheds, northern Kentucky, USA, Geomorphology, 201, 111, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.06.013 Houshmand, 2014, Improving urban stream condition by redirecting sediments: a review of associated contaminants, Proceedings of the 7th Australian Stream Management Conference, 549 Hubbell, 1964 Lane, 1955, The importance of fluvial morphology in hydraulic engineering, 81 Lee, 2003, Estimation of urban imperviousness and its impacts on storm water systems, J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage., 129, 419, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2003)129:5(419) Leopold, 1976, Bedload measurements, East Fork River, Wyoming, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 73, 1000, 10.1073/pnas.73.4.1000 Leopold, 2005, Geomorphic effects of urbanization in forty-one years of observation, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 349 Mackin, 1948, Concept of the graded river, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 59, 463, 10.1130/0016-7606(1948)59[463:COTGR]2.0.CO;2 Meyer, 2005, Stream ecosystem function in urbanizing landscapes, J. North Am. Benthol. Soc., 24, 602, 10.1899/04-021.1 Palmer, 2007, River restoration in the twenty‐first century: data and experiential knowledge to inform future efforts, Restor. Ecol., 15, 472, 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2007.00243.x Palmer, 2014, Ecological restoration of streams and rivers: shifting strategies and shifting goals, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 45, 247, 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091935 Pizzuto, 2000, Comparing gravel-bed rivers in paired urban and rural catchments of southeastern Pennsylvania, Geology, 28, 79, 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)028<0079:CGRIPU>2.0.CO;2 Reid, 1980, The continuous measurement of bedload discharge, J. Hydraul. Res., 18, 243, 10.1080/00221688009499550 Russell, 2017, Global sediment yields from urban and urbanizing watersheds, Earth. Rev., 168, 73, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.04.001 Smith, 2015, Upland sediment supply and its relation to watershed sediment delivery in the contemporary mid-Atlantic Piedmont (USA), Geomorphology, 232, 33, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.036 Trimble, 1997, Contribution of stream channel erosion to sediment yield from an urbanizing watershed, Science, 278, 1442, 10.1126/science.278.5342.1442 Utz, 2011, Interregional variation in urbanization-induced geomorphic change and macroinvertebrate habitat colonization in headwater streams, J. North Am. Benthol. Soc., 30, 25, 10.1899/10-007.1 Vietz, 2014, Ecologically relevant geomorphic attributes of streams are impaired by even low levels of watershed effective imperviousness, Geomorphology, 206, 67, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.09.019 Vietz, 2016, Thinking outside the channel: challenges and opportunities for protection and restoration of stream morphology in urbanizing catchments, Landsc. Urban Plan., 145, 34, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.09.004 Violin, 2011, Effects of urbanization and urban stream restoration on the physical and biological structure of stream ecosystems, Ecol. Appl., 21, 1932, 10.1890/10-1551.1 Walsh, 2004, Protection of in-stream biota from urban impacts: minimise catchment imperviousness or improve drainage design?, Mar. Freshw. Res., 55, 317, 10.1071/MF03206 Walsh, 2004, Stormwater drainage pipes as a threat to a stream-dwelling amphipod of conservation significance, Austrogammarus australis, in southeastern Australia, Biodivers. Conserv., 13, 781, 10.1023/B:BIOC.0000011726.38121.b0 Walsh, 2005, The urban stream syndrome: current knowledge and the search for a cure, J. North Am. Benthol. Soc., 24, 706, 10.1899/04-028.1 Walsh, 2012, Urban stormwater runoff: a new class of environmental flow problem, PLoS One, 7, 10.1371/journal.pone.0045814 Walsh, 2015, Restoring a stream through retention of urban stormwater runoff: a catchment-scale experiment in a social–ecological system, Freshw. Sci., 34, 1161, 10.1086/682422 Walsh, 2016, Principles for urban stormwater management to protect stream ecosystems, Freshw. Sci., 35, 398, 10.1086/685284 Wenger, 2008, Stream fish occurrence in response to impervious cover, historic land use, and hydrogeomorphic factors, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 65, 1250, 10.1139/F08-046 Wohl, 2015, The natural sediment regime in rivers: broadening the foundation for ecosystem management, Bioscience, 65, 358, 10.1093/biosci/biv002 Wolman, 1967, A cycle of sedimentation and erosion in urban river channels, Geografiska Annaler Ser. A Phys. Geogr., 49, 385, 10.1080/04353676.1967.11879766 Wolman, 1967, Effects of construction on fluvial sediment, urban and suburban areas of Maryland, Water Resour. Res., 3, 451, 10.1029/WR003i002p00451