Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

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Grimaldi-Bensouda L, Abenhaim L, Michaud L, et al. Clinical features and risk factors for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children: a case-crossover study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;66:831–7.

Dehghani SM, Haghighat M, Imanieh MH, Tabebordbar MR. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children in Southern Iran. Indian J Pediatr. 2009;76:635.

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Sarin N, Monga N, Adams PC. Time to endoscopy and outcomes in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Can J Gastroenterol. 2009;23:489–93.

Katon RM. Complications of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in the gastrointestinal bleeder. Dig Dis Sci. 1981;26:47S–54S.

Howarth DM. The role of nuclear medicine in the detection of acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Semin Nucl Med. 2006;36:133–46.

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Lee J, Lai MW, Chen CC, et al. Red blood cell scintigraphy in children with acute massive gastrointestinal bleeding. Pediatr Int. 2008;50:199–203.

Cox K, Ament M. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 1979;63:408.

Meyerovitz MF, Fellows KE. Angiography in gastrointestinal bleeding in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984;143:837–40.

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Afshani E, Berger PE. Gastrointestinal tract angiography in infants and children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1986;5:173–86.

Wu LM, Xu JR, Yin Y, Qu XH. Usefulness of CT angiography in diagnosing acute gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16:3957–63.

Urashima M, Toyoda S, Nakano T, et al. BUN/Cr ratio as an index of gastrointestinal bleeding mass in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1992;15:89.

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Laine L, Cook D. Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123:280–7.

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Tuggle DW, Bennett KG, Scott J, Tunell WP. Intravenous vasopressin and gastrointestinal hemorrhage in children. J Pediatr Surg. 1988;23:627–9.

Sarin SK, Misra SP, Singal AK, Thorat V, Broor SL. Endoscopic sclerotherapy for varices in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1988;7:662–6.

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Goenka AS, Dasilva MS, Cleghorn GJ, Patrick MK, Shepherd RW. Therapeutic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in children: an audit of 443 procedures and literature review. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1993;8:44–51.

Siafakas C, Fox VL, Nurko S. Use of octreotide for the treatment of severe gastrointestinal bleeding in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998;26:356–9.

Sasaki T, Hasegawa T, Nakajima K, et al. Endoscopic variceal ligation in the management of gastroesophageal varices in postoperative biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 1998;33:1628–32.

Lam JC, Aters S, Tobias JD. Initial experience with octreotide in the pediatric population. Am J Ther. 2001;8:409–15.

McKiernan PJ, Beath SV, Davison SM. A prospective study of endoscopic esophageal variceal ligation using a multiband ligator. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002;34:207–11.